Clokie, Martha R. J. , Millard, Andrew D., Mehta, Jaytry Y. and Mann, Nicholas H.. (2006) Virus isolation studies suggest short-term variations in abundance in natural cyanophage populations of the Indian Ocean. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Vol.86 (No.3). pp. 499-505. ISSN 0025-3154

Preview

PDF WRAP_Millard_Virus_isolation.pdf - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader Download (196Kb)

Abstract

Cyanophage abundance has been shown to fluctuate over long timescales and with depth, but little is known about how it varies over short timescales. Previous short-term studies have relied on counting total virus numbers and therefore the phages which infect cyanobacteria cannot be distinguished from the total count. In this study, an isolation-based approach was used to determine cyanophage abundance from water samples collected over a depth profile for a 24 h period from the Indian Ocean. Samples were used to infect Synechococcus sp. WH7803 and the number of plaque forming units (pfu) at each time point and depth were counted. At 10 m phage numbers were similar for most time-points, but there was a distinct peak in abundance at 0100 hours. Phage numbers were lower at 25 m and 50 m and did not show such strong temporal variation. No phages were found below this depth. Therefore, we conclude that only the abundance of phages in surface waters showed a clear temporal pattern over a short timescale. Fifty phages from a range of depths and time points were isolated and purified. The molecular diversity of these phages was estimated using a section of the phage-encoded psbD gene and the results from a phylogenetic analysis do not suggest that phages from the deeper waters form a distinct subgroup.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	Q Science > QR Microbiology
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) > Biological Sciences ( -2010)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Cyanobacteria -- Indian Ocean, Bacteriophages -- Research, Bacteriophages -- Genetics, Ecology -- Indian Ocean
Journal or Publication Title:	Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Publisher:	Cambridge University Press
ISSN:	0025-3154
Date:	June 2006
Volume:	Vol.86
Number:	No.3
Page Range:	pp. 499-505
Identification Number:	10.1017/S0025315406013415
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access
Funder:	Natural Environment Research Council (Great Britain) (NERC)
References:	Abedon, S.T., Herschler,T.D. & Stopar, D., 2001. Bacteriophage latent-period evolution as a response to resource availability. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 4233-4241. Ackermann, H., in press. The characterization and taxonomy of phages. In Bacteriophages: methods and protocols (ed. M.R.J. Clokie and A. Kropinski). Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Scientific Press. Bailey, S., Thompson, E., Nixon, P.J., Horton, P., Mullineaux, C.W., Robinson, C. & Mann, N.H., 2002. A critical role for the Var2 FtsH homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana in the photosystem II repair cycle in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 2006-2011. Bergh, O., Borsheim, K.Y., Bratbak, G. & Heldal,M., 1989. High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments. Nature, London, 340, 467-468. Bettarel, Y. et al., 2002. Strong, weak, and missing links in a microbial community of the N.W. Mediterranean Sea. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 42, 451-462. Clark, N.R., 1995. Reflectance spectra: rock physics and phase reflections, a handbook of physical constants. Washington DC: American Geophysical Union. Clokie,M.R.J., Shan, J., Bailey, S., Jia,Y., Krisch, H.M.,West, S. & Mann, N.H., 2006. Transcription of a ‘photosynthetic’ T4- type phage that infects marine cyanobacteria. Environmental Microbiology, in press. Gill, R.T., Katsoulakis, E., Schmitt, W., Taroncher-Oldenburg, G., Misra, J. & Stephanopoulos, G., 2002. Genome-wide dynamic transcriptional pro¢ling of the light-to-dark transition in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Journal of Bacteriology, 184, 3671-3681. Goericke, R. & Welschmeyer, N.A., 1993. The marine prochlorophyte Prochlorococcus contributes signi¢cantly to phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research I, 40, 2283-2294. GuixaBoixereu, N., Lysnes, K: & PedrosAlio, C., 1999.Viral lysis and bacterivory during a phytoplankton bloom water microcosm. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 1949-1958. Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F., 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17, 754^755. Jiang, S.C. & Paul, J.H., 1994. Seasonal and diel abundance of viruses and occurrence of lysogeny/bacteriocinogeny in the marine environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 94, 163-172. Lindell, D., Sullivan, M.B., Johnson, Z.I., Tolonen, A.C., Rohwer, F. & Chisholm, S.W., 2004.Transfer of photosynthesis genes to and from Prochlorococcus viruses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11013-11018. Liu, H.B., Nolla, H.A. & Campbell, L., 1997. Prochlorococcus growth rate and contribution to primary production in the equatorial and subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 12, 39-47. Mann, N.H., 2003. Phages of the marine cyanobacterial picophytoplankton. FEMSMicrobiology Reviews, 27, 17-34. Mann, N.H., Clokie, M.R.J., Millard, A., Cook, A., Wilson, W.H., Wheatley, P.J., Letarov, A. & Krisch, H.M., 2005. The genome of S-PM2, a ‘photosynthetic’ T4-type bacteriophage that infects marine Synechococcus strains. Journal of Bacteriology, 187, 3188-3200. Marston, M.F. & Sallee, J.L., 2003. Genetic diversity and temporal variation in the cyanophage community infecting marine Synechococcus species in Rhode Island coastal waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4639-4647. McDaniel, L.D., delaRosa, M. & Paul, J.H., 2006. Temperate and lytic cyanophages from the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 517-527. Millard, A., Clokie, M.R.J., Shub, D.A. & Mann, N.H., 2004. Genetic organization of the psbAD region in phages infecting marine Synechococcus strains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 11007-11012. Millard, A.D. & Mann, N.H., 2006. A temporal and spatial investigation of cyanophage abundance in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 507-515. Miller, E.S., Kutter, E., Mosig, G., Arisaka, F., Kunisawa, T. & Rüger, W., 2003. Bacteriophage T4 genome. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 67, 86-156. Mühling, M. et al., 2005. Genetic diversity of marine Synechococcus and co-occurring cyanophage communities: evidence for viral control of phytoplankton. Environmental Microbiology, 7, 499-508. Olson, R.J., Chisholm, S.W., Zettler, E.R., Altabet, M.A. & Dusenberry, J.A., 1990. Spatial and temporal distributions of prochlorophyte picoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 37, 1033-1051. Sullivan, M.B., Waterbury, J.B. & Chisholm, S.W., 2003. Cyanophages infecting the oceanic cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. Nature, London, 424, 1047-1051. Suttle, C.A., 2000a. Cyanophages and their role in the ecology of cyanobacteria. InThe ecology of cyanobacteria: their diversity in time and space (ed. P.M. Whitton), 563-589. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Suttle, C.A., 2000b. The ecological, evolutionary and geochemical consequences of viral infection of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. In Viral ecology (ed. C.J. Hurst), pp. 248-286. London: Academic Press. Swofford, D.L., 1998. PAUP* Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G., 1997. The ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 4876-4882. Thyrhaug, R., Larsen, A., Brussaard, C. & Bratbak, G., 2002. Cell cycle dependent virus production in marine phytoplankton. Journal of Phycology, 38, 338-343. Waterbury, J.B. & Valois, F.W., 1993. Resistance to co-occurring phages enables marine Synechococcus communities to coexist with cyanophages abundant in seawater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 3393-3399. Weinbauer, M.G., Fuks, D., Puskaric, S. & Peduzzi, P., 1995. Diel, seasonal, and depth-related variability of viruses dissolved DNA in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Microbial Ecology, 30, 25-41. Weinbauer, M.G. & Rassoulzadegan, F., 2004. Are viruses driving microbial diversi¢cation and diversity? Environmental Microbiology, 6, 1-11. Wilhelm, S.W.,Weinbauer, M.G., Suttle, C.A., Pledger, R.J. & Mitchell, D.L., 1998. Measurements of DNA damage and photoreactivation imply viruses in marine surface waters are infective. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 14, 215-222. Wilson, W.H., Carr, N.G. & Mann, N.H., 1996. The effect of phosphate status on the kinetics of cyanophage infection in the oceanic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp.WH7803. Journal of Phycology, 32, 506-516. Wilson, W.H., Joint, I.R., Carr, N.G. & Mann, N.H., 1993. Isolation and molecular characterization of 5 marine cyanophages propagated on Synechococcus sp. strainWH7803. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 3736-3743. Winter, C., Herndl, G.J. & Weinbauer, M.G., 2004. Diel cycles in viral infection of bacterioplankton in the North Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 35, 207-216. Wommack, K.E. & Colwell, R.R., 2000.Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems.Microbiology andMolecular Biology Reviews, 64, 69-114.
URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/688

Request changes to a record

Actions (login required)

View Item