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Non-invasive distinction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using urinary volatile organic compound analysis : early results

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Arasaradnam, Ramesh P., McFarlane, Michael J., Daulton, E., Westenbrink, Eric W., O'Connell, Nicola, Wurie, Subiatu, Nwokolo, Chuka U., Bardhan, Karna Dev, Savage, Richard S. and Covington, James A. (2015) Non-invasive distinction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using urinary volatile organic compound analysis : early results. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Volume 24 (Number 2). pp. 197-201. Article number 15. doi:10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.242.ury

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.242.ury

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Abstract

BACKGROUND & AIMS:
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease in the western world. Current diagnostic methods including Fibroscan have limitations, thus there is a need for more robust non-invasive screening methods. The gut microbiome is altered in several gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders resulting in altered, unique gut fermentation patterns, detectable by analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine, breath and faeces. We performed a proof of principle pilot study to determine if progressive fatty liver disease produced an altered urinary VOC pattern; specifically NAFLD and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH).
METHODS:
34 patients were recruited: 8 NASH cirrhotics (NASH-C); 7 non-cirrhotic NASH; 4 NAFLD and 15 controls. Urine was collected and stored frozen. For assay, the samples were defrosted and aliquoted into vials, which were heated to 40±0.1°C and the headspace analyzed by FAIMS (Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectroscopy). A previously used data processing pipeline employing a Random Forrest classification algorithm and using a 10 fold cross validation method was applied.
RESULTS:
Urinary VOC results demonstrated sensitivity of 0.58 (0.33 - 0.88), but specificity of 0.93 (0.68 - 1.00) and an Area Under Curve (AUC) 0.73 (0.55 - 0.90) to distinguish between liver disease and controls. However, NASH/NASH-C was separated from the NAFLD/controls with a sensitivity of 0.73 (0.45 - 0.92), specificity of 0.79 (0.54 - 0.94) and AUC of 0.79 (0.64 - 0.95), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
This pilot study suggests that urinary VOCs detection may offer the potential for early non-invasive characterisation of liver disease using 'smell prints' to distinguish between NASH and NAFLD.

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: R Medicine > RB Pathology
Divisions: Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences > Clinical Trials Unit
Faculty of Science > Engineering
Faculty of Science > Centre for Systems Biology
Faculty of Medicine > Warwick Medical School
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Liver - Cirrhosis, Medical screening, Urine -- Analysis, Volatile organic compounds
Journal or Publication Title: Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
Publisher: Romanian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology is
ISSN: 1842-1121
Official Date: June 2015
Dates:
DateEvent
June 2015Published
25 May 2015Accepted
23 March 2015Submitted
Volume: Volume 24
Number: Number 2
Page Range: pp. 197-201
Article Number: Article number 15
DOI: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.242.ury
Status: Peer Reviewed
Publication Status: Published
Access rights to Published version: Open Access
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