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Effect of MWCNT addition on the thermal and rheological properties of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement
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Ormsby, Ross W., McNally, Tony, Mitchell, Christina A., Halley, Peter J., Martin, Darren J., Nicholson, Timothy and Dunne, Nicholas J. (2011) Effect of MWCNT addition on the thermal and rheological properties of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement. Carbon, 49 (9). pp. 2893-2904. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.063 ISSN 1873-3891.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.063
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites with loadings ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wt.% were prepared for use as bone cement. Unfunctionalised, carboxyl and amine functionalised MWCNT were used. Thermal properties were characterised in accordance with the International Standard for acrylic cements, ISO 5833:2002. The rate of reaction exotherm generated and thermal necrosis index (TNI) values were calculated. Polymerisation kinetics were characterised using parallel plate rheology and the exotherm during polymerisation was reduced by ≈4–34%, as a consequence of the MWCNT thermal conductivity. The rate of reaction was significantly altered, such that the setting times of the cements were extended (≈3–24%). Consequently, significant decreases in TNI values (ranging from 3% to 99%) were recorded, which could reduce the exothermic temperatures experienced in vivo and therefore prevent the likelihood of polymerising PMMA cement causing thermally-induced bone tissue necrosis. Thermal data was supported by the rheological characterisation results. Onset of polymerisation for PMMA cement exhibited a strong linear increase as a function of MWCNT loading, however, polymer gelation was not affected to the same degree. It is proposed that the chemically functionalised MWCNT altered PMMA bone cement polymerisation kinetics, reducing the rate of polymerisation, and hence, the reaction exotherm.
Item Type: | Journal Article | |||||||||
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Subjects: | R Medicine > RD Surgery T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group) | |||||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Bone cements, Carbon nanotubes , Polymethylmethacrylate | |||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Carbon | |||||||||
Publisher: | Pergamon | |||||||||
ISSN: | 1873-3891 | |||||||||
Official Date: | August 2011 | |||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 49 | |||||||||
Number: | 9 | |||||||||
Page Range: | pp. 2893-2904 | |||||||||
DOI: | 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.063 | |||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | |||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | |||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access | |||||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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