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Taste and smell, psychology of
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Rolls, Edmund T. (2015) Taste and smell, psychology of. In: Wright, James D., (ed.) International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 26-31. ISBN 9780080430768
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Official URL: https://www.worldcat.org/title/international-encyc...
Abstract
There are five types of taste receptor cell, sweet, salt, bitter, sour, and umami (protein taste). There are 1000 olfactory receptor genes each specifying a different type of receptor each for a set of odors. Tastes are primary, unlearned, rewards and punishers, and are important in emotion. Pheromones and some other olfactory stimuli are primary reinforcers, but for many odors the reward value is learned by stimulus–reinforcer association learning. The primary taste cortex in the anterior insula provides separate and combined representations of the taste, temperature, and texture
(including fat texture) of food in the mouth independently of hunger and thus of reward value and pleasantness. One
synapse on, in the orbitofrontal cortex, these sensory inputs are for some neurons combined by learning with olfactory
and visual inputs, and these neurons encode food reward value in that they only respond to food when hungry, and in
that activations correlate with subjective pleasantness. Cognitive factors, including word-level descriptions, and
attention, modulate the representation of the reward value of taste, odor, and flavor in the orbitofrontal cortex and a
region to which it projects, the anterior cingulate cortex. Further, there are individual differences in the representation
of the reward value of food in the orbitofrontal cortex. Overeating and obesity are related in many cases to an increased reward value of the sensory inputs produced by foods, and their modulation by cognition and attention that override existing satiety signals
Item Type: | Book Item | ||||
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Computer Science | ||||
Publisher: | Elsevier | ||||
Place of Publication: | Amsterdam | ||||
ISBN: | 9780080430768 | ||||
Book Title: | International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences | ||||
Editor: | Wright, James D. | ||||
Official Date: | 2015 | ||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 24 | ||||
Number: | 2nd Edition | ||||
Page Range: | pp. 26-31 | ||||
Status: | Not Peer Reviewed | ||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||
Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access | ||||
Related URLs: | |||||
Open Access Version: |
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