Enquselassie, F., Ayele, W., Dejene, A., Messele, T., Abebe, A., Cutts, Felicity and Nokes, D. James. (2003) Seroepidemiology of measles in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: implications for control through vaccination. Epidemiology and Infection, Vol.13 (No.3). pp. 507-519. ISSN 0950-2688

Preview

PDF WRAP_Enquselassie_seroepidemiology.pdf - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader Download (238Kb)

Abstract

We undertook a representative survey of measles antibodies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1994, to characterize immunity and transmission. Specific-antibody levels (IU/l) were determined by ELISA for 4654 sera from individuals aged 0–49 years (1805 <15 years) collected by stratified household-cluster sampling. The proportion seronegative (<100 IU/l) was 20% (95% CI : 16–25) in children 9–59 months old, declining to 9% (7–12) in 5–9 year olds, 5% (4–7) in 10–14 year olds, and <1% in adults. The proportion of children (<15 years old) with low-level antibody (100–255 IU/l) was 8% (7–10). Vaccination and an absence of a history of measles illness were strongly associated with low-level antibody. History of measles vaccination in 9 months to 14-year-old children was y80%. We estimate a primary vaccine failure rate of 21% (12–34) and continued high measles incidence of 22 per 100 susceptibles (19–24) per annum. Our data support the introduction of campaign vaccination in the city in 1998, although higher routine vaccine coverage is required to sustain the impact. The implications of a high prevalence of low-level antibody are discussed.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > RB Pathology R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) > Biological Sciences ( -2010)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Measles -- Ethiopia, Epidemiology -- Research -- Ethiopia, Measles -- Vaccination -- Ethiopia, Public health -- Research -- Ethiopia, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) -- Social conditions
Journal or Publication Title:	Epidemiology and Infection
Publisher:	Cambridge University Press
ISSN:	0950-2688
Date:	June 2003
Volume:	Vol.13
Number:	No.3
Page Range:	pp. 507-519
Identification Number:	10.1017/S0950268803008446
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access
Funder:	Royal Society (Great Britain), Wellcome Trust (London, England)
Grant number:	039056 (Wellcome)
References:	1. Babad HR, Nokes DJ, Gay NJ, Miller E, Morgan-Capner P, Anderson RM. Predicting the impact of measles vaccination in England and Wales: model validation and analysis of policy options. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 114: 319–44. 2. Gay NJ, Hesketh LM, Morgan-Capner P, Miller E. Interpretation of serological surveillance data for measles using mathematical models: implications for vaccine strategy. Epidemiol Infect 1995; 115: 139–56. 3. Cutts FT, Bartoloni A, Guglielmetti P, et al. Prevalence of measles antibody among children under 15 years of age in Santa Cruz, Bolivia : implications for vaccination strategies. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89: 119–22. 4. Cox MJ, Azevedo RS, Massad E, Fooks AR, Nokes DJ. Measles antibody levels in a vaccinated population in Brazil. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92: 227–30. 5. de Melker H, Pebody RG, Edmunds WJ, et al. The seroepidemiology of measles in Western Europe. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 126: 249–59. 6. Gay N, Ramsay M, Cohen B, et al. The epidemiology of measles in England and Wales since the 1994 vaccination campaign. CDR 1997; 7: R17–R21. 7. Janaszek W, Gut W, Gay NJ. The epidemiology of measles in Poland: prevalence of measles virus antibodies in the population. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 125: 385–92. 8. Mossong J, Nokes DJ, Edmunds WJ, Cox MJ, Ratnam S, Muller CP. Modeling the impact of subclinical measles transmission in vaccinated populations with waning immunity. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150: 1238–49. 9. Lee MS, Nokes DJ, Hsu HM, Lu CF. Protective titres of measles neutralising antibody. J Med Virol 2000; 62: 511–7. 10. Lee MS. An investigation of measles elimination in Taiwan: seroepidemiology and modelling. Oxford: Oxford University, 1999: 106. 11. Nigatu W, Jin L, Cohen BJ, et al. Measles virus strains circulating in Ethiopia in 1998–1999: Molecular characterisation using oral fluid samples and identification of a new genotype. J Med Virol 2001; 65: 373–80. 12. Nokes DJ, Enquselassie F, Nigatu W, et al. Has oral fluid the potential to replace serum for the evaluation of population immunity levels ? A study of measles, rubella and hepatitis B in rural Ethiopia. Bull WHO 2001; 79: 588–95. 13. Cutts FT, Abebe A, Messele T, et al. Sero-epidemiology of rubella in the urban population of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124: 467–79. 14. Nokes DJ, Nigatu W, Abebe A, et al. A comparison of oral fluid and serum for the detection of rubella-specific antibodies in a community study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 1998; 3: 258–67. 15. Fontanet AL, Messele T, Dejene A, et al. Age- and sex-specific HIV-1 prevalence in the urban community setting of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Aids 1998; 12: 315–22. 16. Population Housing Census Commission. The 1994 population and housing census of Ethiopia. Results for Addis Ababa, Vol 1 – statistical report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Central Statistical Authority, 1995. 17. Family Health Department. Report of a joint national review of the expanded programme on immunization (E.P.I.). Addis Ababa: Ministry of Health, 1995. 18. Family Health Department. Supplementary activities aimed at achieving measles control in Ethiopia for 1999–2000. Addis Ababa: Family Health Department, Ministry of Health, 1999. 19. Bennett S, Woods T, Liyange WM, Smith DL. A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries. World Health Stat Q 1991; 44: 98–106. 20. Population Housing Census Commission. The 1984 population census of Ethiopia. Results for Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Authority, 1985. 21. Hesketh L, Charlett A, Farrington P, Miller E, Forsey T, Morgan-Capner P. An evaluation of nine commercial EIA Kits for the detection of measles specific IgG. J Virol Meth 1997; 66: 51–9. 22. Dean AG, Dean JA, Coulombier D, et al. Epi Info, Version 6.02: a word processing, database, and statistical program for epidemiology on microcomputers. Atlanta, GA, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. 23. Ades AE, Nokes DJ. Modeling age- and time-specific incidence from seroprevalence :toxoplasmosis. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 1022–34. 24. Nokes DJ, Forsgren M, Gille E, Ljungstrom I. Modelling longitudinal toxoplasma seroprevelence in Stockholm, Sweden. Parasitol 1993; 107: 33–40. 25. Clayton D, Hills M. Statistical models in epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1993. 26. Tesfaye F, Enquselassie F, Ali K, Andom G. EPI coverage in Adami-Tulu Woreda. Ethiop J Health Develop 1997; 11: 109–13. 27. Whittle HC, Aaby P, Samb B, Jensen H, Bennett J, Simondon F. Effect of subclinical infection on maintaining immunity against measles in vaccinated children in West Africa. Lancet 1999; 353: 98–102. 28. Dietz V, Cutts F. The use of mass campaigns in the expanded program on immunization: a review of reported advantages and disadvantages. Int J Health Services 1997; 27: 767–90. 29. Biellik R, Madema S, Taole A, et al. First 5 years of measles elimination in southern Africa : 1996–2000. Lancet 2002; 359: 1564–8. 30. Nokes DJ, Swinton J. Vaccination in pulses : a strategy for global eradication of measles and polio ? Trends Microbiol 1997; 5: 14–9. 31. Pan American Health Organisation. Measles in the Americas, 1998. EPI Newsletter 1998; 20: 1–2. 32. Bilkis MD, Barrero PR, Mistchenko AS. Measles resurgence in Argentina: 1997–8 outbreak. Epidemiol Infect 2000; 124: 289–93. 33. Nokes DJ, Enquselassie F, Vyse A, Nigatu W, Cutts FT, Brown DW. An evaluation of oral-fluid collection devices for the determination of rubella antibody status in a rural Ethiopian community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92: 679–85. 34. Nigatu W, Nokes DJ, Enquselassie F, et al. Detection of measles specific IgG in oral fluid using an FITC/anti-FITC IgG capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (GACELISA). J Virol Meth 1999; 83: 135–44. 35. Vyse AJ, Brown DW, Cohen BJ, Samuel R, Nokes DJ. Detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G in saliva by an amplification-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibody to fluorescein isothiocyanate. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 391–5.
URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/780

Request changes to a record

Actions (login required)

View Item