Pain Relief With Intraarticular or Medial  Branch Nerve Blocks in Patients With
Survival analysis with the creation of a Kaplan-
Aceclofenac: A new NSAID in the treatment of acute lumbago. Multicentre single blind stucy versus diclofenac
pain on movement, degree of muscle contraction (4-point scale), degree of functional impairment (4 point scale) , pain on pressure (lumbosacral 4 point), lateral mobility and sagital mobility, schober's test on a 4-point scale
Evaluation of the effects of shortwave diathermy in patients with chronic low ba
outcome is reported as a merged score of the three outcome measures.
The effect of motor control exercise versus  general exercise on lumbar local st
Intensive physical and psychosocial training program for patients with chronic low back pain
Physical performance and lesiure time physical activities (work performance capacity graded 1-3, physical activity scale 0-10)
The Efficacy of a Short Education Program and a Short Physiotherapy Program for
Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), SF-12
Results reported on an individual level and at a cluster level. Primary outcome
Transdermal Fetanyl Versus Sustained Release Oral Morphine in Strong-Opioid Naieve Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
VAS-P 100mm, constipation (bowel function assesment)
PAC-SYM q'aire on bowel function, SF-36, patient assessment of treatment, clinician assessment of pain, clinician assessment of disease progression
The effectiveness of psychological interventions for the rehabilitation of low back pain: a randomised controlled trial evaluation
Function impairement (aerobic activity on bike); McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ); Low Back Pain Rating Scale (Lehman 1983); 2 measures on return to work.
Treatment of acute low-back pain with piroxicam: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
physician recorded restricted back function (VAS) following evaluation of tenderness of local structures and SLR, adverse events
A COMPARISON OF OSTEOPATHIC SPINAL MANIPULATION WITH STANDARD CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH LOW BACK PAIN
VAS-P, ROM (inclinometer), SLR, Oswestry DI, North American spine society lumbar spine outcome assessment instrument, patients acceptance of pain (6-pont scale)
Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation for Subacute Low  Back Pain: Graded Activity or
Clinical evaluation of selected yogic procedures in individuals with low back pa
Sleeping, personal care, travel, work, recreation, frequency of pain,lifting, wa
NRS not stated but They inform that a scale from 0 to 4 based on the severity of
Manual Therapy and Exercise Therapy in patients with chronic low back pain
VAS; ODI; Dartmouth COOP; return to work status.
Treatment of acute lumbosacral back pain with diclofenac resinate
Schober's test, finger-floor, ability to perform daily activities (5-point verbal scale), investigator and patient's global assessment of efficacy on completion of therapy, tolerability
Effectiveness of Balneotherapy in chronic low back pain - a randomized single-blind controlled follow-up study
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), spinal mobility, antalgic posture, tenderness of paravertebral muscles on palpation, does requirements of analgesics, patient and investigator assessed efficacy
A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study of oral adenosine triphosphate in subacute low back pain
VAS-P, overall assessment of efficacy by both patient and investigator
A double-blind study of cyclobenzapine and placebo in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal conditions of the low back
presence of local pain, presence of tenderness (on palpation), limitation of ROM, limitation of normal activities of daily living, global evaluation of treatment by physician, VAS-P, adverse events,
Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low-intensity Nd:YAG Laser irradiation on musculoskeletal back pain
Perception of benifit, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , lumbar mobility (Schober's test)
Maximal pain in the last 24 hrs (VAS-P), Pain severity relitive to initial evaluation (VAS), pain with bending, pain with extension, maximal tenderness on palpation, tenderness on palpation relative to initial evaluation
Incorporation of cognitive-behavioral treatment into the medical care of chronic low back patients: a controlled randomized study in German pain treatment centers
Pain diary  (pain intensity, control over pain NRS 0-10, intake of pain medication)
Coping and disability (Heidelberg coping scale (HCS) and the Dusseldof disability scale (DDS), pain-related self-statements scale (situation specific cognitive copeing aspects of pain), days lost at work
Effects of Two Guideline Implementation Strategies on Patient Outcomes in Primar
The Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire is a 12-item self-administered que
Physical activity during 1 week before the interview measured by the Freiburg Qu
Inplementation of clinical guidelines on physical therapy for patients with low back pain: randomized trial comparing patient outcomes after a standard and activeimplementation strategy
physical functioning (Qubec back pain disability scale QBPDS)
pain (11-point NRS), sick leave (days in last 6 weeks) , coping (pain coping inventory), beliefs (BBQ)
HYDROTHERAPY VERSUS LAND-BASED EXERCISES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LOW BACK P
Modified Schober Flexion Technique (MSFT), Modified Schober Extension Technique
Results are presented in both paired and unpaired t-tests. Primary otcome report
Efficacy and treatment compliance of a home-based rehabilitation programme for c
Flexibility and muscle endurance (the Scho ̈ber MacRae test, finger-to-floor di
Not specifically described LBP as non-specific and no inclusion criterias listed
Comparison of three intensive programs for chronic low bak pain patients: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study with one year follow-up
Million behavioral health inventory (MBHI), Million pain analog scale, the symptom checklist 90 (SCL90), the vanderbuilt coping questionnaire, and a structured review by a clinical psychologist
Active treatment programs for patients with chronic low back pain: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study
days sick leave, health care contacts, back pain (0-10 point scale), Leg Pain (0-10 point scale), Function (0-30 point scale derived from 15 questions), physical activity
The effect of dynamic strength back exercise and/or a home training program in 57-year-old women with chronic low back pain: results of a prospective randomized study with a 3-year follow-up period
The million questionnaire (disability), Clinical exam (SLR, Schober's, sidebending of lumbar spine), pain at 3-years 3-point scale, adherence at 3 years, change of job because of low back pain, retirement due to low back pain, sick leave, treat
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces acute low back pain during emergency transport
No clinical effect of back schools in an HMO
Sickness impact profile (SIP), Health interview survey of the national center of health statistics (no of days bed rest, no of days of cut-down activities, days out of work), health care use
Efficacy of traction for non-specific low back pain: a randomized clinical trial
Global perception of perceived effect (7-point scale), severity of main complaints VAS
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Activities of daily living (ADL), disability (VAS), length of absence from work, evaluation of severity by LBP research physiotherapist (11-point scale), range of spinal motion (EDI 320-CYBEX), sid
Spinal Manipulative Therapy Has an Immediate Effect on Thermal Pain Sensitivity
Psychological measures: The Eear of Pain Questionnaire-III, The Tampa Scale of K
Our primary outcome in the current study was inhibition of temporal summation. a
Immediate effects of a high-velocity spine manipulation in paraspinal muscles ac
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Contradictory info abaout study population.  Method says: Forty nonspecific CLBP
Treatment of chronic low back pain with etoricoxib, a new cyclo-coxygenase-2 selective inhibitor: imporvement in pain and disability - a randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-month trial
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), low back pain bothersomeness scale, patient and investigator global assessment of response to tyherapy, SF-12
Medial branch blocks versus pericapsular blocks in selecting patients for percut
Function (Macnab rating), general satisfaction.
The Chiropractic Hospital-based Interventions Research Outcomes (CHIRO) Study: a
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) 16 weeks
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) 8 and 24 weeks, Short Form-36 (SF-
We planned to use an analysis of covariance in the event that a clinically sig-
A controlled multicenter trial of manual therapy in low-back pain
Pain (VAS), disability rating score (DRS (VAS))
Manual therapy with steroid injections in low back pain
Quality of life VAS measurements for 24 variables
The efficacy of lumbar traction in the management of patients with low back pain
Identifying subgroups of patients with acute/subactue "nonspecific" low back pai
NRS-P, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ),  Fear Avoidance Beliefs Ques
Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back pain
Global assesment of treatment effects, PDI (German version), Emotional aspects o
Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative therapy or NSAID therapy for chronic low back pain: A randomized, observer-blinded clinical trial
patient related low back pain (ordinal 11-box scale), disability (RMDQ), functional status (Dartmouth primary care cooperative information project (COOP)) at 5 and 11 weeks
presence of clinical derpression (community epidemiologic scale-depression), trunc performance tests (DM2000), Muscle endurance, lumbar ROM
Comparison of diflunisal and acetaminophen with codeine in the treatment of initial or recurrent acute low back strain
The impact of a moderated e-mail discussion group on use of complementary and alternative therapies in subjects with recurrent back pain
Anger Management Style and Emotional Reactivity to Noxious Stimuli Among Chronic Pain Patients and Healthy Controls: The Role of Endogenous Opioids
Trait Anger Expressiveness and Pain-Induced Beta-Endorphin Release: Support for the Opioid Dysfunction Hypothesis
A controlled trial of rotational manipulation in low back pain
patient's impression of treatment effect
patients estimate of allocation group, patient's report of spinal flexability
Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive effect
A controlled evaluation of paraspinal EMG bopfeedback in the treatment of chronic low back pain
Pain (daily low back pain record (1-10 point scale) duration in waking hours and resultant incapacity (1-5 point scale)
the McGill pain q'aire, medication use, sickness impact profile, Beck depression inventory,, State-trait anxiety inventory, paraspinal EMG and back temperature (in order to provide credibility for placebo groups)
Randomized controlled trial of specific spinal stabilization exercises and conve
short form McGill pain questionnaire, NRS, psychological distress (modified Zung
baseline values, at 12 months between the 2 groups
Level of distress in a recurrent low back pain population referred for physical therapy
Evaluation of a back rehabilitation group for chronic low back pain in an out-patient setting
Effectiveness of a Lumbar Belt in Subacute Low Back Pain An Open, Multicentric,
EIFEL scale (French version of the Roland-Morris scale).
(VAS) of 100 mm assessed. The medical consumption assessed by number of days wit
A randomized trial comparing a group exercise programme for back pain patients with individual physiotherapy in a severely deprived area
SF-12, EQ5D, Pain self-efficacy scale, health care diaries recording patients use of health care resources
Spinal manipulation compared with back school and with individually delivered ph
Roland Morris Pain Rating Scale (RMPRS), working activity
Roland Morris Pain Rating Scale (RMPRS) an ordinal scale varying from 0 (no pain
Aerobic exercise training in addition to conventional physiotherapy for chronic
VAS-P, Aberdeen low back pain disability questionaire
Effects of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin sachets on  abnormal postural sway in pat
ODI, global assasment by investigaot and patient, adverse events
Effectiveness of traditional thai massage versus swedish massage amoung patients with back pain associated with myofascial trigger points
disability (Oswestry (ODI)), patient satisfaction with treatment, side effects and medication used (questions), back performance (ROM thoracolumbar), body flexability, pressure pain threshold ((PPT)Dolorimeter), patients expectations of their o
*associated with trigger points - incl. at leas one - def. point of focal tenderness
The effect of exercise on adrenocortical responsiveness  of patients with chroni
RMDQ, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for depression evaluation
Bonferri adjustment,  ANOVA F-test, Shapiro–Wilk and Levene tests
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: nonparallel antinociceptive effects on chronic clinical pain and acute experimental pain
VAS (electrical pain from flexion reflex)
Will need to be double abstracted for reporting method as uses VAS
A compariosn of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain
Bothersomeness during preceeding 24 hours 11-point scale
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), National health interview survey, use of health care for back related problems, impression of care (5-point likert)
Pitfalls of patient education:Limited success of a program for back pain in primary care
Perceived knowledge (5-point scale), Worry (0-10 point scale), Symptoms (0-10 point scale - bothersomeness of pain), Control (5-point likert), Evaluation of care ( 0-100 point scale), Exercise (days per week, duration of sessions), Function (mo
sociodemographic status, employment status, SF-36, 40 six SCL-90 depression items, smoking status, back pain, exercise
Randomized trial comparing traditional chinese medical acupuncture, theraputic massage, and self-care education for chronic low back pain
bothersomeness of symptoms (0-10 point scale), RMDQ
disibility (national health interview survey questions) , utilization (provider visits, radiologic procedures, operations and hospitalizations covered by HMO). All analgesic agents, NSAIDs, muscle relaxant medications dispensed from HMO pharmac
A Comparison of the Effects of 2 Types of Massage and Usual Care on Chronic Low
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Numerig Rating Scale (NRS),
26- and 52-week mea- sures of the primary outcomes, percentage of partici- pants
A Randomized Trial Comparing Acupuncture, Simulated Acupuncture, and Usual Care
26- and 52- week outcomes for the primary outcome measures, propor- tion of part
A clinical prrediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation
Efficacy of "therapist-selected" versus "randomly selected" mobilisation techniques for the treatment of low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
The efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of methylcobalamin in patien
Endurance training of the truck extensor muscles in people with subacute low back pain
VAS-P, pain rating index of the McGill pain questionnaire
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), endurance of trunk extensors
A prospective study of patients with chronic back pain randomised to  group exer
Treatment of low back pain with a herbal or synthetic anti-rheumatic: a randimozed controlled study. Willow bark extract for low back pain
VAS-P, Total pain index, adverse events, sucess and acceptability of treatment (verbal 4-point scale)
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Manual Physical Therapy Techniques in a
Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), The Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FA
Effects of Valdecoxib in the treatment of chronic low back pain: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), modified brief pain inventory short form (mBPI-SF), physician assesment of global change (5-point), patient rating of global change (5-point),
Motor Control Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Placebo-Controlle
Patient- Specific Functional Scale [PSFS], Global Perceived Effect Scale [GPE],
Newcombe based on Wilson’s score method,
MIC/MDC not reported but taken in account to previous research. "The effects are
The Hmax/Mmax ratio as an outcome measure for acute low back pain
Exercise, Manual Therapy, and Education with or Without High-Intensity Deep-Wate
The long-term effects of a self-management program for inner-city primary care patients with acute low back pain
Functional status (Arthritis impact measurement scales (AIMS2), RMDQ
Self efficacy (Arthritis self-efficacy scale), fear of movement/activity
Baclofen for the treatment of acutre low-back syndrome
Local tenderness on palpation of lumbar area, paravertebral muscle spasm, interferance with daily activity, limitation of motion (global), SLR, flexion, physician's opinion of low-back syndrome, adverse events
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sclerosing injections in patients with chronic low back pain
VAS-P, Margolis pain drawing grid, Modified somatic perception questionnaire (MSPQ), modified Zung depression inventory; the oswestry disability scale, spinal flexion (modified Schober method)
Conservative correction of leg-length discrepancies of 10mm or less for the relief of chronic low back pain
Will need to be double abstracted for reporting method as uses VAS and RMDQ
Effects of balneotherapy with exercise in patients with low back pain
Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Quality of Life Measure (SF36), Symptom Checklist-90-
Effectiveness of a semi-intensive multidisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation pr
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Dallas Pain Questionnaire (RMDQ), The Ta
Evaluation of a specific home exercise program for low back pain
ODI (Modified), Measurements of muscle force and extensibility (LIDO system)
The effects of spinal flexion and extension exercises and their associated postures in patients with acute low back pain
Ability to return-to-work, normal military physical training, NRS-P, spinal mobility, SLR, patient satisfaction,
How many days of bed rest for  acute low back pain?
functional status (SIP), patient and clinician perceptions (global assessment), symptoms and signs (no of days of pain, SLR, flexion (finger-floor, persistance of neurological Sx, use of services,
A controlled trial of transcutanious electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercise for chronic low back pain
Modified sickness impact profile, pain frequqncy, goniometry (SLR), spinal & hip flexion (finger-to-floor), use of medical services, impression of allocation - true / sham
Comparison between the effects of trigger point mesotherapy versus acupuncture p
SFMPQ (McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form),  RMQ (Roland Morris Disability Que
Effectiveness of the Physical Therapy Godelive Denys-Struyf Method for Nonspecif
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), SF-36, Personal Satisfaction
The role of lumbar spine radiography in the outcomes of patients with simple acute low back pain
In chronic low back pain, low level laser therapy combined with exercise is more
Secondary prevention of low-back pain. A clinical trial
Low back pain episodes in year following treatment (Painful months in the 1-year period following treatment)
disability (Oswestry (ODI)), Ergonomic knowledge, forward flexion, abdominal muscle strength, isometric strength and enduranc eof back muscles, Schober's test
Two different techniques in the rehabilitation treatment of low back pain: A ran
Relief of acute low back pain with diclofenac-K 12.5 mg tablets: a flexible dose, ibuprofen 200mg and placebo-controlled clinical trial
End of study global assessment (5-point)
end of day global assessment, VAS-P, RMDQ (Eiffle),
Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain A Randomized, Clinical Trial Comparing Group-
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ),  36-Item Short-Form General Healt
Clinical Effectiveness of Aquatic Exercise to Treat Chronic Low Back Pain
Pain (VAS), disability (Oswestry Low Back Disability questionnaire), Quality of
The criteria for inclusion were LBP without leg pain for more than 3 months and
Effects of therapeutic ultrasound and electrical stimulation program on pain, tr
The Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ), pain disability index (PDI), modiWe
Primary outcome not stated. Pain is listet first in abstract and results. Pain i
Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Pain, Disability, Walking Performance, Qual
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), The Pain Disability Index (PDI), The 6-minute w
Effects of electrical stimulation program on trunk muscle strength, functional c
Muscle strength (Baseline Push-Pull Dyna-)
Pain (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , pain disability index (PDI)
Shapiro–Wilk test , Mann–Whitney U test, Wilco- xon’s signed rank test, Ch
Primary outcome is not stated. They mix the sequence of their outcomes from the
Effectiveness of four conservative treatments for subacute low back pain
Effectveness of four conservitive treatments for subacute low back pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), MOS 36 item Short form health servey (SF-36), mini-mult, confidence score and satisfaction score, palpation for active trigger points, palpation for tenderness over SPs and facets, SI medial to PSI
if factorial power 0.92 for d=0.5. ---- trial was not factorial on review
Effects of spinal flexion and exteneion on low-back pain and spinal mobility in chronic mechanical low-back pain patients
Measurement of thoracolumbar spinal mobility (flexion, sidebending & rotation)
The Effects of Therapeutic Climbing in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of intramuscular and oral phenyramido
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) chronic phase,  5-point global evaluation scale, blood
eFFECTS AND FOLLOW-UP OF A MULTIMODAL TREATMENT PROGRAM INCLUDING INTENSIVE PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR LOW BACK PAIN PATIENTS
The Comparative Effectiveness of a Multimodal Program Versus Exercise Alone for
German version of the WHYMPI (multidi- mensional pain inventory, or MPI-D)
Study Short-Form 36 Health Survey, The Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Th
Randomised controlled trial to compare surgical stabilisation of the lumbar spine with an intensive rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain: the MRC spine stabilisation trial
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , the shuttle walking test (speed and endurance)
SF-36, DRAM (psychological measurement), complications
The effectiveness of wet-cupping for nonspecific low back pain in Iran: A random
Oswestry Pain Disability Index (ODI), Medication Quantification Scale Version II
linear reg, imputation by the the mean of nearby points.
Comparison of general exercise, motor control exercise and spinal manipulative t
GPE; VAS; Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)
Relationship between spinal stiffness and outcome in patients with chronic low b
Patient-specific functional status (PSFS), Roland Morris Disability Questionnair
Pearson’s correlation, Multiple linear regression
Lower back pain and sleep disturbance are reduced following massage therapy
Profile of Mood States Depression Scale (POMS-D); State Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
Randomisation procedure not described and number in each arm is not explicitly s
Short-term effects of high-intensity laser therapy versus ultrasound therapy in
Segmental stabilization and muscular strengthening in chronic low back pain - a
McGill pain questionnaire, Oswestry disability questionnaire,
Topical treatment of chronic low back pain with a capsicum plaster
Arthus low back pain rating scale, reduction in pain (11-point likert)
Partial pain scores, disability, motility restriction subscores, global evaluation of efficacy by investigator and patient, adverse events, a patient questionnaire on use of plaster, evaluation of tolerance
* patients were spinal fusion candidates  - no specific charecteristics are given. Included after arbitration (MU)
Long-term effect of a combined exercise and motivational program on the level of disability of patients with chronic low back pain
Low Back Outcome Score (LBOS), Pain (101 point NRS and pain drawing, the cause of pain eg injury, increased physical strain, no answer, was also documented), working ability (patients able to return to work, able to do lighter work, able to do
BMI, number of LBP episodes requireing ttt, exercise compliance
Long-Term Effect of a Combined Exercise and Motivational Program on the Level of
Disability (low back outcome scale questionnaire developed by Greenough and Fras
Pain ( 101-point numerical rating scale), Working ability ( 4 categories: (1) pa
Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test, multivariate linear partial credit mode
Fusion versus non surgical treatment for low back pain
VAS-P, back-to-work (binary), disabiliity (Oswestry disability index, Million VAS, general function score), global self reporting
zung depression scale, compensation (the correlation between overall result and compensation), independent observer overall assessment, whether the patient would 'go through the treatment again' (binary), radiographic fusion (scale 1-4)
Randomised controlled trial for eveluation of fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain
Randomized controlled trial of physiotherapy compared with advice for low back p
Intraarticular hyaluronic acid versus glucocorticoid injections for nonradicular pain in the lumbar spine
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), oswestry disability questionnaire, the low back outcome score (LBOS), SF-36 (German),
A prospective randomised double blind evaluation of triggerpoint injection therapy for low back pain
Treatment- and Cost-Effectiveness of early intervention for acute low-back pain patients: A one-year prospective study
Return-to-work, health care visits regardless of cause, health care visits for LBP, average number of disabilitity days due to LBP, injury recurrance, medication use, cost-comparison data (from bureau of labor statistics, medical fees for healt
A randomised controlled trial of manual therapy and specific adjuvant exercise for chronic low back pain
Sex differences in predictors of outcome in selected therapy interventions for acute low back pain
disability (Oswestry DI (ODI) , physical impairment (ROM, SLR),  fear avoidence beliefs questinnaire (FABQ)
Distinguishing patient satisfaction with treatment delivery from treatment effect: a preliminary investigation of patient satisfaction with symptoms after physical therapy treatment of low back pain
Patient satisfaction NASS outcome assessment (3 items from the north american spine society lumbar spine outcome assessment instrument)
Patient expectation of pain relief (also from NASS ls outcome inst.)SF-36, pain intensity (NRS), symptom bothersomeness ( also from NASS)
The effect of a fear-avoidance-based physical therapy intervention for patients with acute low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial
Controlled comparison of short-wave diathermy treatment with osteopathic treatment in non-specific low back pain
day and night pain (VAS-P), analgesic medication use, lumbar spine flexion
Low back pain: influence of early MR imaging or CT on treatment and outcome - multicenter randomized trial
Aberdeen Low Back Pain Disability Scale (ALBDS)
Does a Program of Pilates Improve Chronic Low Back Pain.
OSWDQ, SF-12,Subjective Improvement, Sport functioning, Stork and SITnReach Test
Laser acupuncture for chronic non-specific low back pain: a controlled clinical
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , Global assessment (GA), The short version of D
A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal ph
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , The low back outcome score (disability), range
The impact of treatment confidence on pain and related disability amoung patients with low-back pain: results from the university of california, Los angeles low-back pain study
A randomized comoparative trial of acupuncture versus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for chronic back pain in the elderly
Nottingham health profile part 1 (NHP, number of analgesic tablets consumed in the previous week, spinal flexion,
A randomized clinical trial and subgroup analysis to compare flexion-distraction with active exercise for chronic low back pain
mult pub of 171 but including ttt confidence. Remove RMDQ. Not factorial
Dry needling of muscle motor points for chronic low back pain
status at discharge (pain and work status - 4-point scale)
Efficacy of low power laser therapy and exercise on pain and functions in chronic low back pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Oswestry low back pain disability, Schober's test, flexion and lateral flexion, lumbar ROM
The Effect of Traditional Bridging or Suspension Exercise Bridging on Lateral Abdominal Thickness in Individuals with Low Back Pain
Muscle thickness of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Preventing chronic back pain: evaluation of a theory-based cognitive-behavioural
Various Likert scales for barriers,severity, intention and behaviour, Pain NRS.
German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for Chronic Low Back Pain
Responder rate at 1.5 and 3 months;scores on the 12-item Short Form Health Surve
patient global assessment of therapy effectiveness
Chronic disease self-management program for low back pain in the elderly
modified Von Korff pain and disability scales (Underwood et al - LBP today (NRS), worst LBP in last 4 weeks (NRS), average LBP in last 4 weeks (NRS) - ave. of the three-, disability: ave of 3 NRSs: daily activities, social and recreational acti
days with pain and disability, SF-36, energy-fatigue, emotional well being scales, 2 scales from the arthritis self-efficacy scale, self-care attitudes/behaviors, helth services utilization
Electroacupuncture compared with paracetamol for acute low back pain
VAS Mobility, time off work, self medication diary, treatement side effect diary
A Benefit of Spinal Manipulation as Adjunctive Therapy for Acute Low-Back Pain: A Stratified Controlled Trial
Adding a physical exercise programme to brief intervention for low back pain pat
Hopkin’s Symptom Check list (HSCL-25), Roland Morris Questionnaire (RMDQ), Sub
Unclear if the sample size entirely consists of NSLBP. THe abstract states that
Tai Chi Exercise for Treatment of Pain and Disability in People With Persistent
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Pain Disability Index (PDI), Queb
Assessment of diclofenac or spinal manipulative therapy, or  both, in addition t
Number of days to recovery measured in pain. (1) the first pain-free day (pain s
10-point Patient Specific Functional Scale, Roland Morris Disability Questionair
Kaplan-Meier survival, secondary Cox regression analyses, linear modelling
Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy or placebo-control treatment of low-back pain
changes in pain level (visual interval scale 0-9 (NRS?) before and after)
Assessment of overall treatment effect (visual interval scale)
*is this a NRS, VAS or neither? (scores imply NRS as data are discrete) - is a VAS
A controlled study on the outcome of inpatient and outpatient treatment of low back pain. Part I. Pain, disabillity, compliance and reported treatment benefits three months after treatment
Pain severity (The pain index 4x VAS-P) - in general, in the morning, after work day and in the evening), The LBP disability index
Compliance (compliance at three months - faultless exercises demonstraited), subjective benefits from treatments (un-qualified)
A high-intensity lumbar extensor strengthening program  is little better than a
GPE; Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)
Short Form Health Survey (SF-36); fear of movement/(re-)injury, as measured by t
Intensive education combined with low tech ergonomic intervention does not prevent low back pain in nurses
Standardised nordic questionnaire (how mand days experienced LBP during last year, frequency of LBP in past year, treatment for back pain in last year)
Supervised and non-supervised Nordic walking in the treatment of chronic low bac
Patient Specific Function Scale (PSFS), EQ-5D, Medication use, other treatment f
A randomized clinical trial of the treatmtent effects of massage compared to relaxation tape recordings on diffuse long-term pain
Self related health (5-point), mental energy scale, muscle pain (3 or 4 point responce to items for each measure)
A randomized trial investigating a chiropractic manual placebo: A novel design using standardized forces in the delivery of active and control treatments
perception of group assignment (certainly, probably , definately placebo/active, patient expectation of improvment on a VAS, RMDQ, VAS-P, beck depression inventory (BDI), SF-36
Comparison of physical treatments versus a brief pain-management programme for back pain in primary care: a randomised clinical trial in physiotherapy practice
Patients overall assessment of change (6-point scale), pain location (body chart), rating of pain severity (VAS-P),nature of pain ( McGill pain questionnaire), Depression and somatic stress (Zung depression inventory - gives DRAM score), Tampa
A controlled trial of an education pamphlet to prevent disability after occupational low back injury
Disability (% not working), lost work days
Long-term effectiveness of bone-setting, light exercise therapy, and physiotherapy for prolonged back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Role of Physical Exercise in Low Back Pain Rehabilitation A Randomized Controlle
Friedman’s test,  Goodman and Kruskal tau test
Difficult to interpret the data reported. Tables only demonstrate within group a
Functional multidisciplinary rehabilitation versus outpatient physiotherapy for
a randomized controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (CODETRON) to determine its benefits in a rehabilitation program for acute occupational low back pain
Lower back pain is reduced and range of motion increased after massage therapy
Profile of mood states depression scale; stait anxiety scale; VAS; ROM; Symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90-R Derogatism 1983); Sleep scale (Verran and snuder-halperin, 1988); Urine samples
Comparing the satisfaction of low back pain patients randomized to receive medical or Chiropractic care: results from the UCLA low-back pain study
Satisfaction with tratment provider (10 items)
self-care advise (10 items), Explaination of treatment (binary), RMDQ, NRS-P, treatment confidence 11-point (after randomization, prior to treatment - not to be included)
4 groups but factorial analysis between two gives d<0.3
The effectiveness of high-intensity versus low-intensity back schools in an occu
VAS, RMDQ, tampa scale of kinesiophobia (TSK)
linear and logistic regression, sensitiviy analysis
Chronic LBP: a comparison of diflunisal with paracetamol
subjective and objective evaluation of clinical and physical signs: 0 - 3 scale of severity for LBP, Irradiating pain, Functional disability and limitation/pain on extension. 1-3 scale for fwd bend (1=knee, 3 = ankle), Patient evaluation ) = po
Subjective q'aires measuring pain, improvement in walking, bending, siiting, reaching, dressing.
Mini-mult. objective: SLR to pain, pelvic rotation, distance of fingertips to floor
A randomized clinical trial comparing chiropractic adjustments to muscle relaxants for subacute low back pain
VAS-P, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Zung self rating for depression scale, Schober's test
Globas impression of severity, acetaminophen usage
A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL COMPARING 2 TYPES OF SPINAL MANIPULATION AND MINIM
Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), 100 mm VAS, adverse events21-questi
All analyses used an intention-to-treat approach and a 0.05 level of significanc
The topical NSAID, felbinac, versus oral ibuprofen: a comparison of efficacy in the treatment of acute lower back injury
Global assessment of condition (patient and practitioner)
Spontaineous pain, pain on general movement, muscle spasm and tenderness, (both assessed by practitioner and patient), tolerability, adverse events
A randomizewd controlled trial for low back pain treated by acupressure and physical therapy
One-shot percutsneous nerve stimulation vs transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for low back pain
pain drawing, pressure algometer (pain/pressure threshold at most meaningful site in kg), quebec back pain disability scale
Treatment of low back pain by acupuncture and physical therapy
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) (Chinese)
Modified Oswestry disability questionnaire, VAS-P
A descriptive study of the usage of spinal manipulative therapy techniques within a randomized clinical trial in acute low back pain
A randomized clinical trial of maniipulative therapy and interferential therapy for acute low back pain
VAS-P, McGill pain questionnaire, EQ-5D, SF-36, lbp recurrence, sick leave, analgesic consumption, additional health care
The swedish back school in chronic low back pain
Low Back Pain index, oswestry (ODI), use of analgesics, use of medical services, clinical exam (forward flexion, spinal mobility, sidebending, trunk muscle strength, pain during movements, pain on palpation)
A randomized trial of medical care with and without physical therapy and chiropractic care with and without physical modalities for patients with low back pain: 6-month follow-up outcome from the UCLA low back pain study
Average and most severe low back pain intensity (10 point rating scale), disability (RMDQ)
Telephone coaching can increase activity levels for people with non-chronic low
Oswestry Disability Index, Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire,
means at 4 and 12 weeks using the baseline scores as covariates
Relief of low back pain immediately after acupuncture treatment - a randomised,
Trigger point acupuncture treatment of chronic low back pain in elderly patients - a blinded RCT
Outcome measures reported in this form occured at week 4 (vas plus RMDQ)
Rapid magnetic resonance imaging vsradiographs for patients with low back pain
SF-36, pain, preference scores, patient-satisfaction (11-item deyo-diehl questionnaire), and costs
Should treatment of (sub)acute low back pain be aimed at psychosocial prognostic factors? Cluster randomised clinical trial in general practice
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), percieved recovery (seven point), sick leave because of low back pain
pain severity during day NRS, severity of main complain NRS, perceived general health (1-5 - first question of general health perceptions of the SF-36)
Exercises for chronic low back pain: a clinical trial
nrs pain, nrs disability, nrs drug consumption
no standard questionnaires - sui generis?
Active exercise, education, and cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent disa
VAS; Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ)
12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ); EuroQol EQ-5D
adjusting for baseline pain, RMDQ, age, gender, LBP history, and psychological d
Generalized linear latent and mixed models were used
Effects of functional restoration versus 3 hours per week physical therapy: a randomized controlled study
days sick leave bewteen end of program and 6 month follow-up
finger-tip-to-floor, Trunk strength, lifting capacity, endurance, VAS-P, quality of life (Dallas pain questionnaire), quebec back pain disability scale, hospital anxiety depression (HAD) sclae
A placebo-controlled trial of Rofecoxib in the treatment of chronic low back pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), patient and investigator global assessment  of responce to therapy, patient global assessment of disease status
A randomised controlled trial of spinal manipulative therapy in acute low back p
analgesic use (drugs), Roland Morris Questionnaire, adverse events
primary outcome: BS-11 is a patient- administered numeric rating scale ranging f
The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain
VAS-P, Isoinertial back extension endurance test (DBC110), EMG lumbar paraspinal muscles - spectoral mean power frequency)
First Non-Contingent Respiratory Biofeedback Placebo  versus Contingent Biofeedb
pain diary (including vas); psychopathology (Symptom Check List-90-Revised, SCL
Pain (at rest) VAS used for meta-regression
Efficacy and safety of rofecoxib in patients with chronic low back pain
low back pain bothersomeness scale, patient global assessment of disease status, RMDQ, HADS, SF-12 ,Adverse events, tolerability (CBC, chemistry, urinanalysis)
Effectiveness of in-patient rehabilitation for sub-chronic and chronic low back pain by an integrative group treatment program (swiss multicentre study)
Working capacity (1-5), Hours worked per day, VAS-P, spatial distribution of pain (pain drawing), Quality of life(various, unspecified), phsychological general well-being index, imparment in the activities of daily living and work, general sati
Pain (West Haven - Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI), VAS-P, medical consumption, (consultations, treatments and medication), absenteeism, Funcitional restrictions (Sickness impact profile), knowledge of course content, general well
Capsicum pain plaster in chronic non-specific low back pain
Arthus low back rating scale (various dimensions of pain with a VAS, impariment of movement and disability)
Global assesment of efficacy and tolerance by physician and patient, adverse events, assessment of compliance
THE RESPONSE OF PERSONS WITH CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN TO THREE DIFFEREN
Physical Characteristics. (kg, %body fat,), VAS-P, Oswestry Disability Index (OD
Nonspecific low back pain is apparntly eqivilent to pain from soft tissue origin
A comparison of two forms of periodized exercise rehabilitation programs in the
Biering-Sorensen Back Endurance (BSBE) test
Curl up test for abd mucle endurance, Flexometer for flexibility, Cybex II isoki
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic back pain in an outpatient setting: a controlled randomized trial
strength and endurance (max no of repititions for four different exercises), Disability (Pain disability index (PDI) - German version), Video-supported behavioural observation, Behaviour habits questionnaire (Basler, 1993),Posture related self
Effects of an exercise program on sick leave due to back pain
short-term sick leave attribuable to back pain
cardiovascular fitness, self-report data on how the exercise programme has affected back pain (5-point scale)
Radiography of the lumbar spine in primary care patients with lower back pain: randomized controlled trial
VAS-P, EuroQol including the health status scale, patient satisfaction,
Acupuncture in the management of chronic low back pain: A blinded randomized controlled trial
Range of movement (flexion, fingertips-to floor), the  pain rating index (PRI) of the McGill pain questionnaire (MPQ), and VAS-P
Routine referral for radiography of patients presenting with low back pain: is patient's outcome influenced by GP's referral for pain radiography?
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), hospital anxiety and depression, EuroQol, SF-36
time off work for sickness and hospital appoiintments, consultations, use of medication
Assessment of efficacy and psychomotor performances of thiocolchioside and tizanidine in patients with acute low back pain
clinical global impression (investiator), time to return to daily activity, VAS-P, mussle spasm assessment by investigator (3-point), angular rigidity assessment by investigator (4-point), finger-floor, schober, analgesic consumption. saftey va
Effects of two 4-week proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation programs on musc
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) ,  borg back pain intensity scale (a NRS - 10 po
Comparison of three different approaches in the treatment  of chronic low back p
VAS; Roland MorrisDisability Questionnaire RMDQ;The General Health Questionnaire
Chronic low-back pain: what does cognitive coping skills training add to operant behavioral treatment? results of a randomized clinical trial
, pain behavior (Interpersonal pain behavior (CHIP) Pain behavior scale (PBS), pain cognitions (pain cognition list (PCL), Coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ) (dutch version), VAS-P, Somatic anxiety (The nijmegen hyperventilation questionnair
Function-Centred Rehabilitation Increases Work Days in Patients With Nonacute Nonspecific Low Back Pain: 1-Year Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial
The number of calendar work days in the follow-up year.
the rate of patients receiving unemployment benefits or permanent disability allowances
Increasing days at work using function-centered rehabilitation in nonacute nonspecific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial
Number of days at work in 3 months after treatment
, self-efficacy, lifting capacity (performance assessment and capacity testing (PACT), pain (NRS), mobility (finger-tip-to-floor), strength (duration of contaction against gravity) and global perceived effect (7-point likert)
Trunk muscle stabilization training plus general exercise versus general exercise only: randomized controlled trial of patients with recurrent low back pain
VASP Current, VASP Last week, VASP Last month, RMDQ
Trunk muscle stabilization training plus general exercise versus general exercise only: RCT of patients with recurrent LBP
McGill Pain questionnaire (short form) - included 3 VAS (a: pain now, b: pain last week, c: pain last month - VAS a abandoned, b & c only used)
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Pain self efficacy Questionnaire, Tampa scale of kinesiophobia, pain locus of control questionaire.
Local and remote sustained trigger point therapy for exacerbations of chronic low back pain
referred pain (vas), Pain on movement (VAS), forward bending , sidebending (VAS), use of medication, COOP chart (daily activities, social activities, pain during past 6 weeks, change in condition, overall health and QoL)
*included patients with grade I or II spondylolisthesis on XR amongst other findings including degen of IVDs Included after arbitration (MU)
A randomized, double-blind, prospective study comparing  the efficacy of continu
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , adverse events
Effect of thermal water and adjunctive electrotherapy on chronic low back pain:
Schober’s test, Domjan L and R test, Oswestry index, Short Form-36 questionnai
Chronic back pain included.   both ITT and PP analysis. I extractet the results
Comparative efficacy of two multimodal treatments on male and female sub-groups
Waddle functional evaluation test, SF-36 questionnaire, physical strength (BPC a
Analysis performed by two factors, sex and treatments.
Efficacyof dynamic muscular stabilization techniques (DMST) over conventional te
Visual Analog Scale (VAS), adverse effects
Newman Keuls post hoc test, hartley, cochran, chi-square, pearson correlation
Efficacy of two multimodal treatments on physical strength of occupationally sub
physical strength [back pressure changes (BPC) and abdominal pressure changes (A
Study population divided into several subgroups based on occupation:  Explenatio
Effects of a three-month therapeutic exercise programme on flexibility in subjects with low back pain
Lumbar flexion (extension, sidebending and rotation), muscle flexability measurements
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , Borg ratio scale for back pain intensity, training diaries of and questionnaire measuring intensity of physical activity at work and during lesure time, sui generis questionnaire also measured marital status, h
MODULATION OF THE FLEXION-RELAXATION RESPONSE BY SPINAL MANIPULATIVE THERAPY: A
surface EMG of erector spinae at L2 and L5
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , fear avoidance belief questionnaire (FABQ), Vi
Reporting method and analysis of secondary outcome measures were only described
Group cognitive behavioural treatment for low-back pain in primary care: a rando
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ),  modified Von Korff scores
12-item short- form health survey (SF-12), fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire,
Randomised controlled trial of integrated care to reduce disability from chronic
Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Roland Morris Disability questionaire (RMDQ)
Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox proportional hazard model
The effect of the Swedish Back School in chronic idiopathic low back pain. A prospective controlled study
Jan van Breemen instutute set of measurement for the quantification of LBP (six pain aspects each measured on NRS giving mean pain score, and degree of disability over last week also on NRS, and spinal mobility)
opinion of ttt – positive, absent, or negative, whether patient practices psoas position daily (back school only)
Early physiotherapy intervention in an Accident and Emergency Department reduces
The Numeric Global Rating of Change Scale; Roland-Morris Disability Questionnair
Back school in a first episode of compensated acute low back pain: a clinical trial to assess efficacy and prevent relapse
Level of pain, spinal mobility, SLR, Oswestry (ODI), RMDQ
Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), VAS-P, lumbar spine mobility, strength against resistance, angular speed against 25% resistance (triaxial dynamometry)
Exposure in vivo versus operant graded activity in chronic low Back pain patients: Results of a randomized controlled tria
Quebeck Back pain dis and patient specific complaints (three vas on activities of their choice)
Perceived harmfulness of daily activities, pain catastrophising scale, daily activity level (activity monitor), McGill pain questionnaire.
Acupuncture treatment of chronic low-back pain - a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial with 9-month follow-up
Psycological distress (hospital anxiety and depression scale) and spine flexion (fingertip-to-floor distance)
Passive rotary dynamic sitting at the workplace by office-workers with lumbar pa
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (German)
Days absence;VAS;the probands’ subjective well-being and their acceptance of t
U-Test (Hodges-Lehmann estimate plus 95% CI)
TTM-based motivational counselling does not increase  physical activity of low b
Freiburger Questionnaire on Physical Activity
Self-efficacy (14-item scale), von Korff (modified),Fear avoidance beliefs (FABQ
A randomized clinical trial comparing two physiotherapy interventions for chronic low back pain
Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS)
confidence in treatment (3 point scale) flexion, extension, sidebending, SLR with VAS-P to record pain
Strain-Counterstrain therapy combined with exercise is not more effective than e
SF-36, VAS, Pain interferred with work, global rating of change, adverse events
Osteopathic manipulative treatment for chronic low back pain
SF-36, VAS-P, RMDQ, lost work or school days due to back pain
The effect of graded activity on patients with subacute low back pain: A randomized prosepctive clinical study with an operant-conditioning behavioral approach
disability pensions , sick leave, pain (category scale - Borg), pain behavior (10-item University of Alibama at Birmingham (UAB) pain behavior scale) and disability (subjective disability index), functional capacity (finger-to-floor, modified S
Physical performance, pain, pain behavior and subjective disability in patients with subacute low back pain
Pain behavior (10-item, UAB pain behavior scale), subjective disability (subjective disability index (Waddell)), physical capacity (mobility, strength and fitness),  backward and lateral bending, spinal rotation, Lumbar ROM, forward bending (fi
The secondary prevention of low back pain: a controlled study with follow-up
VAS for fatigue, anxiety and sleep quality, medication intake diaries, pain behavior observation (video), Activities of daily living (12 activities) (6-point scale), Depression (BDI), Helplessness (Modified Arthritis helplessness index), Marita
Should we give detailed advice and information booklets to patients with back pain
Pain / function score (0-100, phone call)
aberdeen pain and function scale, satisfaction with treatment, patient knowledge
Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massag
Number of days in pain during the past four weeks, SF-36, Von Korff scale, Deyo
Does it matter which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain
pain intensity VAS-P, RMDQ, medication use
Rating of interference at work or at home (0-5), beck depression inventory (BDI), Quebec task force severity rating (QTF 1-4), exercise compliance (daily questionnaire)
Can a back pain email discussion group improve health status and lower health care costs?
Pain (visual numeric scale, a variation of a VAS), disability (RMDQ), role function(Illness intrusiveness scale), health distress (a short scale developed for the medical outcomes study) and health care utilization
Endurance exercise, self-care orientation and self-efficacy
An open assessment of osteopathic manipulation in nonspecific low-back pain
The effectiveness of the McKenzie method in addition to first-line care for acut
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Patient Specific Func- tional Sca
Effects of traditional Thai massage versus joint mobilization on substance P and
Motivating disability pensioners with back pain to return to work - A randomized
Return to work defined as reduced disability pension payment
Secondary outcome measures were life satisfaction, daily and work-related functi
A randomized, controlled trial of spinal endoscopi adhesiolysis in chronic refractory low back and lower extremity pain
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), opioid intake, ROM, employment and work status
One day lumbar epidural adhesiolysis and hypertonic saline neurolysis in treatment of chronic low back pain : A randomized, double-blind trial
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , work status, opioid intake, ROM, P-3 psychological evaluation
Clinical trial of intensive muscle training for chronic low back pain
Worst low back pain in two weeks (10-point scale), Disability (questioning about 15 everyday activities), back endurance (0-10 points), deep knee bending (0-10 points), drug consumption score (0-10 points)
A randomized clinical trial of three active therapies for chronic low back pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Lumbar ROM, FABQ, coping strategy questionnaire, combination of modified somatic perception questionnaire (MSPQ) and the modified ZUNG questionnaire, back belief questionnaire
*rule for when study has combined instruments
Facet joint injection and facet nerve block: a randomised comparison in 86 patients with chronic low back pain
Self-Report Measures Best Explain Changes in  Disability Compared With Physical
ODI, VAS, SF-12, FABQ, The Biering-Sorenson lumbar endurance test
Muscle Activation Changes After Exercise Rehabilitation for Chronic Low Back Pai
For any variables identified as significantly changing over time, an ANCOVA was
Manipulation and traction for lumbago and scoatoca: physiotherapeutic techniques used in two controlled trials
Pain (6-point score - they refer to it as a pain scale but is actually improvement of symptoms 6=symptom free, 5=much better, 4=slightly better, 3=the same, 2=slightly worse, 1=much worse)
Long-term effects of supervised physical training in secondary prevention of low back pain
functional ability (clinical investigation (height weighth, BP, ES tonus, SLR, ), lifting capacity, trunk strength, range of motion, isometric muscle endurance, aerobic capaci
frequency and duration of back pain, RMDQ, Waddell questionaire (disability, 1987 clinical assessment of lumbar impairment), pain NRS, quantitave pain drawing, Short form McGill pain questionnaire, General well being questionnaire, sense of coh
A randomized clinical trial of treatment for Lumbar segmental rigidity
Million Visual Analogue Scale (MVAS), NRS (pain intensity)
Treating acute low back pain with continuous low-level heat wrap therapy and/or exercisel; and RCT
Multidimensional Task Ability Profile Questionnaire
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), 6 point pain intensity VRS, 6 point pain relief VRS.
Escitalopram 20 mg versus duloxetine 60 mg for the treatment of chronic low back
1-10 Likert scale (no pain - worst pain imaginable) - VAS
Clinical Global Impressions of Severity (CGI-S), 36-item Short-Form Health Surve
Primary outcome results based on Weekly 24-h worst pain.  Randomised trial, but
Low back pain of mechanical origin: randomised comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient treatment
Massage therapy versus traditional therapy for low back pain relief
Pearsons for treatment Pain corelated with SLR/Flexion ROM
Intermediate and Long-term Effects of a Standardized Back School for Inpatient Orthopedic Rehabilitation on Illness Knowledge and Self-Management Behaviors
motivational and volitional determi- nants of physical activity, physical activity, back posture and movements, back exercises, pain beliefs, pain coping strategies, pain intensity (NRS), functional and health status, as well as satisfaction wi
Diclofenac plus B vitamins versus diclofenac monotherapy in lumbago: the DOLOR s
patient functional- ity questionnaire (PFQ), Finger- to-Floor D, Schobers test,
Mantel–Haenszel, Spearman’s Rank Correlation Test
population described as acute non-traumatic lumbago.
A comparison of two analgesic muscle relaxant combinations in acute back pain
physician assessment of muscle contraction, global assessment by patient, adverse events of medication , patient daily pain diary,
Cost-effectiveness of lumbar spine radiography in primary care patients with low back pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) at 9 months
VAS-P, EQ-5D, satisfaction with care (back specific, deyo '86)
Evaluation of low back pain and assessment of lumbar corsets with and without back supports
Subjective variables asked on back pain questionntairefor visual analogue assessment
A controlled prospective study to evaluate the effectiveness of a back school in the relief of chronic low back pain
Oswestry (ODI), knowledge and understanding of back care (20-item q'aire)
Randomized controlled trial of exercise for low back pain: clinical outcomes, costs and preferences
EuroQol (EQ-5D), fear and avoidence beliefs
A prospective randomised controlled trial of spinal manipulation and ultrasound
The effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise on women with chronic non-specific lo
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , PFM strength and endurance (perinometer),
Does acupuncture improve the orthopedic management of chronic low back pain - a randomized, blinded, controlled trial with 3 months follow up
effectiveness of treatment (4-point box scale), Schober's sign, finger-floor
A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive-behavioural program for enhancing back pain self care in a primary care setting
tampa scale of kinesiphobia, attitudes towards back pain self care (5 item self-care orientation scale, saunders et al 1999), pain intensity NRS, interference with activities NRS 10-point, RDMQ, SF-36
Quality of life improved by multidisciplinary back school program in patıents w
Short Form 36 Health Status Survey (SF-36)
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), addell Disability Index (WI), The Oswestry Disabili
Back pain: treatment and prevention in a community hospital
physical abilities (point scale), education (body mechanics assesment (9 activities observed)- point scale, quiz points), anxiety (The state anxiety inventory - 20 item statement with likert), mobility (details not given), physical capabilities
A randomized controlled trial of intensive neurophysiology education in chronic low back pain
Pain catastrophizing scale, RMDQ, SLR, forward bening, drawing in of abdomen
Combined physiotherapy and education is efficacious for chronic low back pain
Joining forces, combined cognition-targetd motor control training with group or individual pain physiology education: a sucessful treatment for chronic low back pain.
group x time, pre-treatment scores as covariates
Topiramate in Treatment of Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Pain rating index of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Stait-trait Anger Expression
, Stait-trait Anger Expression inventory, Oswestry low back pain disability
Dysport(registered trademark) for the treatment of myofascial back pain: Results
Patien-completed modified disability index; global assessment of efficacy; minim
The differential effects of core stabilization exercise regime and conventional
Fear Avoidance Belief Questionaire (FABQ), Chronic Pain Grade Questionaire (CPQ)
A bit unsure about which type of trial this is. No information is given in text.
Overnight use of continuous low-level heatwrap therapy for relief of low back pain
Morning pain relief (5-point verbal response scale)
muscle stiffness score 100-point NRS, pain affect  101-point score, disability (RMDQ)
Continuous low-level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain
1 day pain relief (verbal responce scale, 6-point)
Muscle stiffnesss,  (101-point NRS), lateral trunk flexability (fingertip-floor), RMDQ
Continuous low-level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain
Pain relief  (6-point verbal rating scale)
Muscle stiffness (101-point NRS), disability (RMDQ), lateral trunk flexibility
Evaluation of a randomized controlled trial in the management of chronic lower b
Dallas pain questionaire, Quebec back pain disability questionaire, Roland morri
MIC/MID: autors state that there is no consensus for MID between groups, and tha
Is a videotape to change beliefs and behaviors superior to a standard videotape
CBT versus EMG biofeedback in the treatment of chronic LBP
STAI, PBQ, CSQ, SIP-S, Sip-P medication intake diary, follow up measures, expectation rating scale, physiotherapists evaluation scale.
Cost-effectiveness of Combined manipulation, stabilizing exercises, and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain: A prospective randomized trial with 2-year follow-up
frequency of LBP, Oswestry (ODI), 15D (HRQOL), direct and indirect costs
*two groups are much smaller rand 6:6:6:1:1 so power analysis on 110 and 104
A randomized trial of combined manipulation stabilizing exercises and physician consultation compared to physician consultation alone for chronic low back pain
pain intensity (VAS-P), frequency of LBP experienced, Oswestry (ODI)
Finnish depression questionnaire (DEPS), health related quality of life (HRQoL, 15D), days on sick leave, cost of health care consumption and productivity costs
The Effectiveness of an Unstable Sandal on Low Back Pain and Golf Performance
Early access to physical therapy treatment for subacute low back pain in primary
Borg category scale for rating of perceived pain (BRPP)
RMDQ, Orebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnaire
symptom duration, gender, physician referral
The role of an integrated back stability program in patients with chronic low ba
McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) (NRS, VAS)
RMDQ, patient acceptable symptom state, (PASS),Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia
EMG biofeedback used to reduce standing levels of paraspinal muscle tension in chronic low back pain
pain reports (daily log over 9 weeks – 3 before, 3 during, 3 after, budzinsky. 5 pt scale severe, moderate, no pain labels on three of the 5 points)
not nec nsLBP as needed to have clinical signs of contracted paraspinal muscularature, but needed to have absense of other organic disturbances. So included on balance
The influence of a functional capacity evaluation on fitness for work certificates in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain
fitness to work certificates, fwc quality, functional capacity evaluation
Are Back Supports Plus Education More Effective Than Education Alone in Promotin
ODI, SF-12, neurogenic symptoms (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, range,
PROC MIXED  for generalized estimating equations (Restricted Maximum Likelihood)
An analysis of the effectiveness of a low back health education program in an employee population
Beck behaviour inventory (personal behaviour change)
Back extension machine (objective – extension range)
Although did they all have back pain at the time of the trial?
A new approach to the treatment of chronic low back pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), 9 questions from the chronic disability index
Schober's test, radiations to distal lower extremity
Medical treatment of acute low back pain. Diflunisal compared with indomethacin in acute lumbago
Pain in motion, Pain (diary 0-3 point scale), Adverse events, finger-floor,
Efficacy of Injections with Disci/Rhus Toxicodendron Compositum for Chronic Low
VAS-P (26 weeks), Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire, HFAQ, quality of li
Etoricoxib reduced pain and disability and improved quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a 3 month, randomized, controlled trial
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), global assessment, SF-12
Chronic low back pain study: A study of the effects of manipulation under anesthesia
Kinesio taping applied to lumbar muscles influences clinical and electromyograph
Psychological features and outcomes of the Back School treatment in patients wit
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-P), Waddell Disability Index (WI), The Oswestry Disab
It is not explicitly described that this is a factorial trial, but in my underst
Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Versus Dry Needling: Effectiveness in
VAS (pressure algometer), VAS (Sleep), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
Analgesic efficacy and safty of tramadol / acetaminophen combination tablets (Ultravet) in treatment of chronic low back pain: a multicenter outpatient, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial
pain relief rating scale, short form McGill pain questionnaire(SF-MPQ), RMDQ, SF-36, patient and investigator overall medication assessments, adverse events
*included pain radiating into legs (see results section) .herniated disk is under exclusion criteria.  Included after arbitration (MU)
Randomized controlled trial of back school with and without peer supportt
Treatment of patients with subacute or chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial
Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS) (Danish)
A direct myotonolytic (Pridinol Mesilate) for the management of chronic low back pain: a multicentre, comparative clinical evaluation
finger-tio-to-floor, VAS-P, joint hinderance (physician assessed 0-4), resistance to passive movements (physician recorded 0-4), overall eficacy (physician related 0-4), generall tolerability (intercurrent Sx, voulnteered by pts or elicited by
Combination hydrocodone and ibuprofen versus combination oxycodone and acetaminophen in the treatment of moderate or severe acute low back pain
Daily mean pain relief score (patient diary with numeric coded scale)
patient diary for  number of tablets and doses of supplemental analgeasic medication taken, adverse events, type and frequency of physical therapy presribed by physician. Also: global evaluation of treatment, SF-36
Treatment of acute low back pain with the COX-2-selective anti inflammatory drug nimesulide
Million Visual Analogue Scale (MVAS) (1 pain intensity, 2 stiffness in back , 3 pain releif)
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , shober's, body bending, lateral body bending, sick leave, side effects - patient diary
A prospective randomized three-week trial of spinal manipulation, transcutaneous muscle stimulation, massage and corset in the treatment of subacute low back pain
Modified schober's test and SLR, Sorensen fatigue test (EMG during contraction), maximum volunatry extension effort
Effects of a single session of posterior-to-anterior spinal mobilization and pre
Effectiveness of massage therapy for subacute low-back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), McGill pain questionnaire
The state anxiety index, modified Schober test
A randomised, single blind study to evaluate the effects of action potential simulator therapy compared with placebo in patients with chronic back pain
Clinical evaluation of selected yogic procedures in individuals with low back Pain
Manipulation does not add to the effect of extension exercises in chronic  low-b
Graded Exercise for Recurrent Low-Back Pain A Randomized, Controlled Trial With
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual analog scale (VAS)
Short Form-36 Health Surve, The self-efficacy scale, fear-avoidance-beliefs ques
Treatment of chronic lower back pain with lumbar extension and whole-body vibration exercise.
pain disabilty index, maximum isometric lumbar extension torque
Dynamic surface electromyographic responses in chronic low back pain treated by
Bonferroni multiple comparisons, Pearson’s correlation
Knowledge (qa based on the back quiz, jessep s, 1991), attitude (6q's ie do you think you can manage you back pain on you own? yes, no, don't know), observable behavior (coded behaviour undertaking 4 ctivities - not videoed?)and function(aberde
Comparison of a functional restoration program with active individual physical t
Sorensen test, Ito test, cyclo-ergometer test,  VAS, The Dallas Pain Questionnai
Multidisciplinary Intensive Functional Restoration Versus Outpatient Active Phys
reduction in the number of sick-leave days
Fingertip-to-floor distance, Sorensen test, Ito test, Intensity of pain on visua
Chronic low back pain rehabilitation programs
RMDQ, the modified somatic perception questionnaire, the modified zung depression inventory, pain locus of control scale (part a measures pain responsibility and B measures pain control and strateies), pain self-efficacy questionnaire
Measuring the contribution of pharmacological treatment to advice to stay active in patients with subacute low-back pain: a randomised controlled trial
drug use, subjective perception of clinical improvement since baseline by physician and patient
Bed rest or normal activity for patients with acute low back pain
VAS-P at 1 and 3 months, Eifel index (french translation of RMDQ), number of sick leave days, intensity of vertebral stiffness at 1 and after 3 months (Schober test), global assesment of treatment effect by the patient and by the investigator (
Tramadol / Acetaminophen combination tablets for the treatment of chronic lower back pain: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient study
pain relief rating scale, short form McGill pain questionnaire, roland morris disability score (RMDQ), SF-36, vital signs (heart rate, bp, bodyweight, blood biochem, urineanalysis
EFFECTIVENESS OF BACK SCHOOL FOR TREATMENT OF PAIN AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY IN
Analyses were ad- justed for baseline data of VAS and ODQ scores that differed b
Treatment of chronic low-back syndrome with tetrazepam in a placebo controlled double-blind trial
Pain relief (Huskinsson's pain scale) (VAS), return-to-normal Shober's index, improvement of spinal mobility by 50% in at least one spacial dimension
Global impression, patient compliance - physician assessed, 'cause of improvment' -  physician assessed - and kind of meds ie actice/placebo,patient comparison of medication with former treatment (if applicable), side effects, blood cell count,
Chiropractic Adjustive Manipulation on Subjects with Acute Low back Pain: Visual Analog Pain Scores and Plasma B-Endorphin Levels
Says visual analogue scale (although sounds like NRS as they say 5 point
Assessment of a Biofeedback Program to Treat Chronic Low Back Pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), the Schober Index, Beck’s Depre
NB: Cannot find any information about how manypatients were in each group. 60 in
The short- and long-term benefit in chronic low back pain through electrical versus manual auricular acupuncture
Psychological well-being (VAS), activity level (VAS), quality of sleep (VAS), VAS-P, analgesic consumption
A double-blind, multicentre, randomised clinical trial comparing the efficacy and tolerability of aceclofenac with diclofenac resinate in patients with acute low back pain
Schober test, finger-floor, Quebec back pain disability score
Comparison of a biopsycosocial therapy (BT) with a conventional biomedical therapy (MT) of subacute low back pain in the first episode of sick leave: a randomized controlled trial
Pain intensity (numeric rating scale (NRS))
Mobility of thoracic and lumbar spine, torque of muscles (Using Cybex 6000), Fuctional capacity (Hannover Functional Status Questionnaire - Back (FFbH-R), depressive dysfunction (CES-D), sick leave due to LBP (days)
Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of chronic low back pain
Time to exit from the double blind phase due to theraputic faliure (inadequate pain relief)
VAS-P, pain relief scores, short form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), RMDQ,  and overall medication assessments
Does Maintained Spinal Manipulation Therapy for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pai
The effect of insoles on the incidence and severity of low back pain among workers whose job involves long-distance walking
Million Visual Analogue Scale (MVAS) (stated as million questionnaire)
use of insoles, timing of pain in relation to distance walked, frequency of pain
Autonomic status and pain profile in patients of chronic low back pain and follo
Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), bothersomeness of back pain (11-point scale)
SF-36, degree of restricted activity (3 questions), medication use, pain or substantial discomfort experienced as a result of the class
A Randomized Trial Comparing Yoga, Stretching, and a Self-care Book for Chronic
Roland Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), NRS (11-point symptom bothersomeness)
We explored 2 additional measures of clinical im- provement: 30% improvement fro
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Home-Based Exe
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Japan Low back pain Evalua- tion
Efficacy and Safety of Duloxetine in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Patient’s Global Impressions of
Back pain described as non-neuropathic low back pain, but not expicitly non-spes
A double-blind, randomized trial of duloxetine versus placebo in the management
Pain on a 0–10 weekly mean average pain Likert scale
Roland-Morris Dis- ability Questionnaire (RMDQ-24), PatientÕs Global Impressio
A likelihood-based, mixed-model repeated measures (MMRM) analysis was used to an
Likert scale equvilent to a NRS? Reported as NRS in this extraction.  Primary ou
Duloxetine Versus Placebo in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A 12-Week, Fix
Patient’s Global Impressions of Improve- ment (PGI-I); physical function measu
BPI-Severity includes  Average pain Worst pain Least pain Pain right now. Averag
Maintenance of Effect of Duloxetine in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A 41
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Clinical Global Impressions-Sever
BPI-modified short form: average pain severity during the past 24 hours on a sca
Changes in plasma concentration of serotonin in response to spinal Stabilisation exercises in chronic low back pain patient
Injection of steroids and local anaesthetics as therapy for low-back pain
rang of spinal flexion, global assessment (TQ) no improvement, some improvement, good improvement, excellent improvement
line graph for vas but for each individual participant in both groups seperately (ie two graphs)
good example of a very poorly reported trial!
An educational approach based on a non-injury model compared with individual sym
Activity limitation (’LBP Rating Scale’), Roland Morris Disability Questionn
baseline values and missing data for the primary and essential secondary outcome
stated 3 primary outcomes: NRS, LBP rating scale and RMDQ. NRS values reported a
Gallium arsenide laser treatment of chronic low back pain: A prospective, randomized and double blind study
The effect of a mensendieck exercise program as secondary prophylaxis for recurrent low back pain
back pain in general during the preceding month, back pain related to 12 daily activities (as described in the baseline assessment), self-assessment of back function using the VAS, and general functional status as measured by the COOP/WONCA cha
Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain
Pain intensity (the pain rating index of the McGill pain questionnaire)
pain behaviour (pain behaviour scale), Depression (beck depression inventory), activity tolerance (behavioural approach tests of Kole-Sniders et al 1990)
Graded activity for low back pain in occupational health care
Number of days absence from work over 6 months
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), severity of pain (11-point NRS)
Conservative treatment of acute low back pain. A prospectiive randomizerd trial: McKenzie method of treatment versus patient education in "Mini Back School"
sick-leave suring the initial episode, sick leave during recurrences, recurrences of pain during the year of observation, patients' ability to self-help, pain over last 24 hrs (VAS- P),  and spinal movements (4-point likert)
Economic Evaluation of a Multi-Stage Return toWork Program for Workers on Sick-L
Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), EuroQ
Intensive group training versus cognitive intervention in sub-acute low back pain:short-term results of a single blind randomized controlled trial
Pain (VAS-P), disability (RMDQ), sick-listing (working days lost during 18 week study period), satisfaction with care (deyo, 1998)
self efficacy for pain and for function (8 questions regarding basic physical activities (lorig), fear avoidence beliefs (FABQ), emotional distress (Hopkins symptom checklist HSCL-25), generic health status and life satisfaction (SF-36)
Incorporating cognitive-behavioral therapy with occupational therapy: a comparative study with patients with low back pain
Auriculotherapy on low back pain in the elderly
Control of the Lumbar Neutral Zone Decreases Low Back Pain and Improves Self-Eva
VAS-P, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Pain and Disability index (PDI), self ev
training adherence, training participation, training experiences
Mefenamic acid, chlormezanone-paracetamol, ethoheptazine-asprin-meprobamate: a comparative study in acute low back pain
clinician's assessments patient diary of pain severity
patient diary of pain severity, overall perception of treatment efficacu and toleration of medication, adverse events
Naturopathic Care for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial
Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability(ODI), Short Form 36,
Roland Morris Disability questionnaire (RMDQ), forward lumbar flexion range of m
Cross-over group AFTER completing study.
Low level heat therapy for acute muscular LBP
Pain diary with Pain intensity as NRS (0-10)
Lifeware Musculoskeletal Abbreviated Assessment Form, RMDQ
sex, age, baseline, pain intensity, pain medication adjusted
general liniear models for repeated measures, logistic regression
The effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled, sin
Schober’s test, Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, EuroQol-5D, SF-36
Longer term clinical and economic benefits of offering acupuncture care to patients with chronic low back pain
EuroQol EQ-5D, SF-6D (derived from SF-36, a preference-based single index measure, McGill present pain index (PPI), Oswestry pain disability index (ODI), all other dimensions of the SF-36, back pain experience questions, patient satisfaction wi
randomized controlled trial of a short course of traditional acupuncture with us
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), McGill pain index, remaining dimensions of SF-3
Impact of waist/hip ratio on the theraputic efficacy o flumboscaral corsets for chronic muscular low back pain
Manipulative therapy versus education programs in chronic low back pain
perceived pain (VAS-P), functional activity (Oswestry (ODI), limited emotional status (modified zung depression index (ZDI),
The efficacy of an aerobic exercise and health education program for treatment of chronic low back pain
Immediate changes in feedforward postural adjustments following voluntary Motor training
Comparison of operant behavioral and cognitive-beavioral group treatment for chronic low back pain
Sickness impact profile (SIP), pain behavior checklist (TURK, 1985), observer ratings of pain behavior (Keefe, 1982), cognitive errors questionnaire (Lefebvre, 1981)
Efficacy of cognitive therapy for chronic low back pain
SIP, Beck depression Inventory (BDI), Observer ratings of pain behaviors (viedo), Maladaptive cognitions (cognitive error questionnaire (CEQ))
Effectiveness of Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Component Analysis
Modified Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), Pain Behavior Checklist (PBC) & PBC-Spouce, VAS, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Videotape observation - coded  behaviour, Physical work capacity (PWC), isometric strength, Flex
Comparison of group progressive-relaxation training and cognitive behavioural group therapy for CLBP
Sickness Impact Profile, BDI, Medication log, self rating
Multicenter randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled trial of thiocolchicoside in acute low back pain
hand-to-floor, paravertebral muscle spasm (rated by investigator 0-3), analgesic consumption, patient's global evaluation 0-4,
United kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomised trial: effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care
Von korff scales, the back belief questionnaire (BBQ), fear avoidence beliefs questionnaire (FABQ), SF-36, EuroQol
The use of a back class teaching extension exercises in the treatment of acute low back pain in primary care
Analgesic use in past 24hrs, days of back pain in last 6 months, grading of how problematic it had been, VAS of how mach pain they had in the past 6 months
Motor Control Exercises, Sling Exercises, and General Exercises for Patients Wit
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) , Finger to floor test, The Fear- A voidance Bel
intention- to-treat analysis, and used mixed linear models
SD reported in primary outcome are based on pain present at the moment during ba
Controlled trial of a back support ('Lumbotrain') in patients with non-specific low back pain
Daily self-assessment (diary cards including VAS-P, limitation of activity VAS, ability to work or not, number of doses of analgesic taken during the day)
RoM, response to treatment (patient assessed 6-point scale), comfort and ease of use of intervention in ttt group
Abdominal muscle contraction thickness and function after specific and general exercises: A randomized controlled trial in chronic low back pain patients
Contraction thickness ratio in transversus abdominis (TrA), obliquus internus (OI) and externus (OE), and TrA lateral slide were assessed during the abdominal drawing-in maneuver by b-mode ultrasound. Changes in abdominal muscle function were a
Effect of Core Stability Exercises on Feed-Forward Activation of Deep Abdominal
Change in onset (before to after the intervention) of the deep abdominal muscles
NRS, Oswestry Disabil- ity Questionnaire (ODQ), Fear Avoidance Belief Questionna
Early occupational health management of patients with back pain
Time until return to work (measured at 1-year)
time until recurrence, number of days lost over a 1-year period, rates of return to work at 3 and 12 months, pain intensity (VAS-P), functional disability (RMDQ), six general health perception scales (nottingham health profile (NHP) at 3 and 12
Double-blind parallel study of meptazinol versus difunisal in the trreatmet of lumbago
Behavioural rehabilitation of chronic low back pain: comparison of an operant treatment, an operant-cognitive treatment and an operant-respondent treatment
pain behavior (Behavioural approach test (BAT)
The checklist for interpersonal pain behaviour (CHIP), observer ratings of mood (Beck depression inventory), pain cognitions (the pain cognition list), experienced pain intensity (VAS-P)
Differences in outcome of a multidisciplinary treatment between subgroups of chronic low back pain patients defined using two multiaxial assessment instruments: the multidimensional pain inventory and lumbar dynamometry
Astrand general condition test (V02), Leg strength, tampa scale of kinesaphobia, SCL-90 (psychological dysfunction)
A trial of an activating intervention for chronic back pain in primary care and physical therapy settings
Back pain worry (0-10 rating scale), Fear avoidence beliefs (Tampa scale for kinesophobia, 10-item scale), Pain intensity 10-point scale, mental health and social functioning from the SF-36, occupational role disability (von korf and more, 2001
A randomized trial of a lay person-led self-management group intervention for back pain patients in primary care
Attitudes toward back pain self-care (5 item scale), Back pain worries (0-10 point sclae), pain intensity and interference (0-10 point scale), SF-36
Motivational Enhancement therapy in addition to physical therapy improves motiva
PRES and PSEQ (Motivational status.Likert scale)
VAS-P, Physical function (Clarkson), RMDQ, Compliance, SF-36
Sex, baseline lifting capacity, SF-36 score
Short term trial of chiropractic adjustments for the relief of chronic low back pain
Early intervention for the management of acute low back pain
VAS-P, Usual pain intensity, State-trait anxiety inventory (STAIS), mod Zung self rated depression score, mod somatic perception questionnaire, EuroQoL, SF-36
Early intervention of aerobic exercise to rehabilitation of non-specific low back pain
Efficacy of percutaneous electrical stimulation for the treatment of CLBP in older adults
primary outcome = Pain intensity measured using two tools; McGill Pain Quest (MPQ) and Multi-dimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)
RMD, physical performance to a task, geriatric depression scale, MMSE ,
Efficacy of Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Therapeutic Exercise f
Functional Status Index, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, gait speed/tim
A randomized, controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitiv
Brief Pain Inventory Short Form Interference subscale (BPI)
SF-12 , Multidimensional Pain Inventory General Activity subscale (MPI), Beck De
The effect of montage on the analgesic responce to percutaneous meuromodulation therapy
*patients had radiologically confirmed lumbar spine degeneration, no info regarding allocation
Early Intervention Options for Acute Low Back Pain Patients: A Randomized Clinic
Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS), Million Visual Analog Scale (MVAS), Character
Acute low back pain - an objective analysis of conservative therapy
days to work, bedrest, analgesic medication use
Randomized osteopathic manipulation study (ROMANS): pragmatic trial for spinal pain in primary care
Extended aberdeen spine pain scale (EASPS)
SF-12, EuroQol (EQ-5D), Short-form McGill pain questionnaire,
Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficacy of Iyengar Yoga Therapy on Chronic
Pragmatic randomized trial evaluating the clinical and economic effectiveness of
Hannover functionnal ability questionnaire (German)
Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS), SF-36
Real-time ultrasound feedback and abdominal hollowing exercises for people with low back pain
Retention test of abdominal holding examinination
Individual active treatment combined with group exercise for acute and subacute low back pain
Days off work, light duties, the cost of being off work, cost of service provision, pain and health status (Short form McGill pain questionnaire, SF-12
Prolotherapy injections, saline injections, and exercise for chronic low-back pain: a randomized trial
VAS-Pain/unpleasentness past week, days of reduced activities past 28/7, medication use, physical and mental health components of SF-12, pain diagram
The use of electro-acupuncture in conjunction with exercise for the treatment of chronic low-back pain
Lumbar ROM, isokinetic trunk flexor and extensor strength
Relationship between learning strategies of patients and proper perception of th
ATLAS (The Assessing the Learning Strategies of Adults)
Exercise Assessment Scale (includes VAS x2 and ODI)
Not a functional outcome for nsLBP in primary outcome. Aspect of it in the secon
The effectiveness of relaxation acupoint stimulation and acupressure with aromatic lavender essential oil for non-specific low back pain in hong kong: a randomized controlled trial
finger-floor, walking time, interference with daily activities (Aberdeen low back pain scale)
Comparison of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with transcutanueous electrical
Physical Impairment on NRS (? bespoke questionnaire), medication diary
Effects of fitness and aquafitness exercises on physical fitness in patients with chronic low back pain
anthropometry, bmi, waist to hip ratio, aerobic fitness, vas (pain), isometric extensor trunk edurance test, oswestry
unclear if within only as states in results 'non of the vars after ttt differed in the two ttt groups' but only within change reported in table.
Reduction of chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomised controlled clinica
Efficacy of etoricoxib 60mg/day and diclofecac 150mg/day in reduction of pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain: results of a 4-week multinational, randomized, double-blind study
RMDQ, Global response, low back pain bothersomeness scale
Laboratory Gait Analysis in Patients With Low Back Pain Before and After a Pilat
Evaluation of an Extract of Brazilian Arnica (Solidago chilensis Meyen, Asterace
Hard to interperet results. Not clearly described what the values reported means
A randomized double-blind trial of dextrose-glycerine-phenol injections for chronic, low back pain
VASP, Pain Grid Score, computerised lumbar function
Effect of firmness of mattress on chronic non-specific low-back pain: randomised, double-blind, controlled, multicentre trial
Radiofrequency denervationof lumbar facet joints in the treatment of lower back pain
VAS-back pain, VAS-leg pain, physical activities (0-30 point scale), analgesic intake  (0-8 points
Global perceived effect ((GPE) 4-point likert),  SF-36, zung self rating depression scale (Dutch version, Zung-DV), Multidimensional pain inventory (dutch version MPI-DLV)
Intensive group training protocol versus guideline  physiotherapy for patients w
pain-intensity measured on an 11-point numerical rating scale (PI-NRS), ranging