Groenewald, J., Grandjean, Thomas R. B. and Marco, James (2017) Accelerated energy capacity measurement of lithium-ion cells to support future circular economy strategies for electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69 . pp. 98-111. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.017

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Abstract

Within the academic and industrial communities there has been an increasing desire to better understand the sustainability of producing vehicles that contain embedded electrochemical energy storage. Underpinning a number of studies that evaluate different circular economy strategies for the electric vehicle (EV) or Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery system are implicit assumptions about the retained capacity or State of Health (SOH) of the battery. International standards and bestpractice guides exist that address the performance evaluation of both EV and HEV battery systems. However, a common theme is that the test duration can be excessive and last for a number of hours. The aim of this research is to assess whether energy capacity measurements of Li-ion cells can be accelerated; reducing the test duration to a value that may facilitate further EOL options. Experimental results are presented that highlight it is possible to significantly reduce the duration of the battery characterisation test by 70% - 90% while still retaining levels of measurement accuracy for retained energy capacity in the order of 1% for cell temperatures equal to 250C. Even at elevated temperatures of 400C, the peak measurement error was found to be only 3%. Based on these experimental results, a simple cost-function is formulated to highlight the flexibility of the proposed test framework. This approach would allow different organizations to prioritize the relative importance of test accuracy verses experimental test time when grading used Li-ion cells for different end-of-life (EOL) applications.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Electric vehicles, Hybrid electric vehicles, Lithium cells, Lithium ion batteries
Journal or Publication Title:	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Publisher:	Pergamon
ISSN:	1364-0321
Official Date:	March 2017
Dates:	Date Event March 2017 Published 17 November 2016 Available 2 November 2016 Accepted 11 June 2016 Submitted
Date of first compliant deposit:	3 November 2016
Volume:	69
Page Range:	pp. 98-111
DOI:	10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.017
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Funder:	Innovate UK, High Value Manufacturing Catapult, Jaguar Land Rover (Firm), Potenza Technology (Firm), G & P Batteries (Firm)
Grant number:	Project Number: 38846-283215 (Innovate UK)

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