Lehmann, Katja, Bell, Thomas, Bowes, Michael J., Amos, Gregory C. A., Gaze, William H., Wellington, E. M. H. and Singer, Andrew C. (2016) Trace levels of sewage effluent are sufficient to increase class 1 integron prevalence in freshwater biofilms without changing the core community. Water Research, 106 . pp. 163-170. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.035

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Abstract

Most river systems are impacted by sewage effluent. It remains unclear if there is a lower threshold to the concentration of sewage effluent that can significantly change the structure of the microbial community and its mobile genetic elements in a natural river biofilm. We used novel in situ mesocosms to conduct replicated experiments to study how the addition of low-level concentrations of sewage effluent (nominally 2.5 ppm) affects river biofilms in two contrasting Chalk river systems, the Rivers Kennet and Lambourn (high/low sewage impact, respectively). 16S sequencing and qPCR showed that community composition was not significantly changed by the sewage effluent addition, but class 1 integron prevalence (Lambourn control 0.07% (SE ± 0.01), Lambourn sewage effluent 0.11% (SE ± 0.006), Kennet control 0.56% (SE ± 0.01), Kennet sewage effluent 1.28% (SE ± 0.16)) was significantly greater in the communities exposed to sewage effluent than in the control flumes (ANOVA, F = 5.11, p = 0.045) in both rivers. Furthermore, the difference in integron prevalence between the Kennet control (no sewage effluent addition) and Kennet sewage-treated samples was proportionally greater than the difference in prevalence between the Lambourn control and sewage-treated samples (ANOVA (interaction between treatment and river), F = 6.42, p = 0.028). Mechanisms that lead to such differences could include macronutrient/biofilm or phage/bacteria interactions. Our findings highlight the role that low-level exposure to complex polluting mixtures such as sewage effluent can play in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. The results also highlight that certain conditions, such as macronutrient load, might accelerate spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	T Technology > TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- )
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Sewage., Drug resistance in microorganisms., Biofilms., Stream health., Stream ecology.
Journal or Publication Title:	Water Research
Publisher:	Elsevier Science Ltd.
ISSN:	0043-1354
Official Date:	December 2016
Dates:	Date Event December 2016 Published 20 September 2016 Available 19 September 2016 Accepted 8 July 2016 Submitted
Date of first compliant deposit:	7 December 2016
Volume:	106
Page Range:	pp. 163-170
DOI:	10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.035
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access
Funder:	Natural Environment Research Council (Great Britain) (NERC), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (Great Britain) (CEH)
Grant number:	NEC04877; NE/F009216/1
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