Cutts, Felicity, Abebe, A., Messele, T., Dejene, A., Enquselassie, F., Nigatu, Wondatir and Nokes, D. James. (2000) Sero-epidemiology of rubella in the urban population of Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Epidemiology and Infection, Vol.12 (No.3). pp. 467-479. ISSN 0950-2688

Preview

PDF WRAP_Cutts_sero-epidemiology.pdf - Requires a PDF viewer such as GSview, Xpdf or Adobe Acrobat Reader Download (377Kb)

Abstract

We conducted a community-based cluster sample survey of rubella sero-epidemiology in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 1994. Among 4666 individuals for whom complete data were available, rubella antibody prevalence was 91% (95% confidence interval: 90, 92). On multivariable analysis, seroprevalence was lower among individuals who were resident in Addis Ababa for 1 year or less. Approx. 50% seroprevalence was attained by age 4 years, and the estimated average age at infection was 5·2 years. The highest age-specific force of infection was estimated to occur in 5- to 9-year-olds. The early age at infection corresponded with a low estimated incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) of 0·3 per 1000 live births, equivalent to nine cases of CRS in 1994. The predicted critical level of immunity for elimination of rubella via vaccination was 85–91%, requiring 89–96% coverage with a vaccine of 95% effectiveness. Unless very high coverage of rubella vaccine could be guaranteed, the introduction of childhood vaccination could increase the incidence of CRS in Addis Ababa.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) > Biological Sciences ( -2010)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Rubella -- Epidemiology -- Ethiopia, Serology, Rubella in pregnancy -- Ethiopia, Vaccination of children -- Ethiopia, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) -- Social conditions
Journal or Publication Title:	Epidemiology and Infection
Publisher:	Cambridge University Press
ISSN:	0950-2688
Date:	June 2000
Volume:	Vol.12
Number:	No.3
Page Range:	pp. 467-479
Identification Number:	10.1017/S0950268899003532
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access
Funder:	Royal Society (Great Britain), Wellcome Trust (London, England)
Grant number:	039056 (Wellcome)
References:	1. Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization, EPI. Immunization Policy. Geneva: EPI}WHO, 1996 2. Cutts FT, Robertson SE, Diaz-Ortega JL, Samuel R. Control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developing countries, part 1: burden of disease from CRS. Bull WHO 1997; 75: 55±68 3. Robertson SE, Cutts FT, Samuel R, Diaz-Ortega JL. Control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developing countries, part 2: vaccination against rubella. Bull WHO 1997; 75: 69±80 4. Plotkin SA, Katz M, Cordero JF. The eradication of rubella. JAMA 1999; 281: 561±2 5. Hinman AR, Hersh BS, de-Quadros CA. Rational use of rubella vaccine for prevention of congenital rubella syndrome in the Americas. Pan Amer J Publ Hlth 1998; 4: 156±60 6. Orenstein W, Preblud S, Bart K, Hinman A. Methods of assessing the impact of congenital rubella infection. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: s22±8 7. Nokes DJ, Anderson RM, Anderson MJ. Rubella epidemiology in South East England. J Hyg 1986; 96: 291±304 8. Cutts F, Vynnycky E. Modelling the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 1176±84. 9. Fontanet AL, Messele T, Dejene A, et al. Age- and sexspecific HIV-1 prevalence in the urban community setting of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIDS 1998; 12: 315±22 10. Population Housing Census Commission. The 1994 population and housing census of Ethiopia. Results for Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa : Central Statistical Authority, 1995 11. Bennett S, Woods T, Liyanage WM, Smith DL. A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries. World Health Statist Q 1991; 44: 98±106 12. Nokes DJ, Nigatu W, Abebe A, et al. A comparison of oral fluid and serum for the detection of rubella-specific antibodies in a community study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Trop Med Internat Hlth 1998; 3: 258±67 13. Farrington CP. Modelling forces of infection for measles, mumps and rubella. Stat Med 1990; 9: 953±67 14. Grenfell BT, Anderson RM. The estimation of age related rates of infection from case notifications and serological data. J Hyg 1985; 95: 419±36 15. Nokes D, Ljungstrom I, Forsgren M. Modelling toxoplasma incidence from longitudinal seroprevalence in pregnant women in Stockholm, Sweden. Parasitol 1992; 107: 33±40 16. Remme J, Mandara MP, Leeuwenburg J. The force of measles infection in East Africa. Int J Epidemiol 1984; 13: 332±9 17. Griffiths D. A catalytic model of infection for measles. Appl Stat 1974; 23: 330±9 18. Anderson RM, May RM. Vaccination against rubella and measles: quantitative investigations of different policies. J Hyg 1983; 90: 259±325 19. Ades AE. Methods for estimating the incidence of primary infection in pregnancy: a reappraisal of toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus data. Epidemiol Infect 1992; 108: 367±75 20. Azevedo-Neto RS, Silveira ASB, Nokes DJ, et al. Rubella seroepidemiology in a non-immunized population of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 1994; 113: 161±73 21. Clayton D, Hills M. Statistical models in epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1993 22. Miller E, Cradock-Watson J, Pollock T. Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet 1982; ii : 781±4 23. Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 24. McLean AR, Anderson RM. Measles in developing countries. Part I. Epidemiological parameters and patterns. Epidemiol Infect 1988; 100: 111±33 25. McLean A. Modelling vaccination programmes. Rev Med Virol 1992; 2: 141±52 26. Fine PEM. Herd immunity: history, theory, practice. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 265±302 27. Massad E, Burattini MN, Azevedo-Neto RS, Yang HM, Coutinho FAB, Zanetta DMT. A model-based design of a vaccination strategy against rubella in a non-immunized community of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 1994; 112: 579±94 28. Jose MV, Olivera J. La seroepidemiologia de la rubeola en Mexico: datos y teoria. Salud Publ Mex 1992; 34: 328±34 29. Dowdle W, Ferreira W, de Salles Gomes L, et al. WHO collaborative study on the sero-epidemiology of rubella in Caribbean and middle and south American populations in 1968. Bull WHO 1970; 42: 419±22 30. Gomwalk N, Ezeronye O. Sero-epidemiology of rubella in Imo state of Nigeria. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985; 79: 777±80 31. Skendzel L. Rubella immunity: defining the level of protective antibody. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 106: 170±4 32. Andre FE, Florent G, Martin Du Pan R. Rubella vaccines and the immunity gap. Lancet 1979; ii : 417±8 33. O'Shea S, Parsons G, Best JM, Banatvala JE. How well do low levels of rubella antibody protect? Lancet 1981; ii : 1284 34. Condon RJ, Bower C. Rubella Vaccination and congenital rubella syndrome in western Australia. Med J Aust 1993; 158: 379±82 35. Morgan-Capner P, Wright J, Miller CL, Miller E. Surveillance of antibody to measles, mumps, and rubella by age. B M J 1988; 297: 770±2
URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/845

Request changes to a record

Actions (login required)

View Item