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Electrochemistry of Fe3+/2+ at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes : kinetics, identification of major electroactive sites and time effects on the response

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Zhang, Guohui, Tan, Sze-yin, Patel, Anisha N. and Unwin, Patrick R. (2016) Electrochemistry of Fe3+/2+ at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes : kinetics, identification of major electroactive sites and time effects on the response. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 18 . pp. 32387-32395. doi:10.1039/C6CP06472H

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6CP06472H

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Abstract

The electrochemistry of the Fe3+/2+ redox couple has been studied on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples that differ in step edge density by 2 orders of magnitude to elucidate the effect of surface structure on the electron transfer (ET) kinetics. Macroscopic cyclic voltammetry measurements in a droplet-cell arrangement, highlight that the Fe3+/2+ process is characterised by slow ET kinetics on HOPG and that step edge coverage has little effect on the electrochemistry of Fe3+/2+. A standard heterogeneous ET rate constant of ~5 × 10-5 cm s-1 for freshly cleaved HOPG was derived from simulation of the experimental results, which fell into the range of the values reported for metal eletrodes, e.g. platinum and gold, despite the remarkable difference in density of electronic states (DOS) between HOPG and metal electrodes. This provides further evidence that outer-sphere redox processes on metal and sp2 carbon electrodes appear to be adiabatic. Complementary surface electroactivity mapping of HOPG, using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, reveal the basal plane to be the predominant site for the Fe3+/2+ redox process. It is found that time after cleavage of the HOPG surface has an impact on the surface wettability (and surface contamination), as determined by contact angle measurements, and that this leads to a slow deterioration of the kinetics. These studies further confirm the importance of understanding and evaluating surface structure and history effects in HOPG electrochemistry, and how high resolution measurements, coupled with macroscopic studies provide a holistic view of electrochemical processes.

Item Type: Journal Article
Subjects: Q Science > QD Chemistry
T Technology > TP Chemical technology
Divisions: Faculty of Science > Chemistry
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): Electrochemistry, Chemical kinetics, Charge exchange, Graphite
Journal or Publication Title: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISSN: 1463-9076
Official Date: 3 November 2016
Dates:
DateEvent
3 November 2016Available
2 November 2016Accepted
20 November 2016Submitted
Volume: 18
Page Range: pp. 32387-32395
DOI: 10.1039/C6CP06472H
Status: Peer Reviewed
Publication Status: Published
Access rights to Published version: Restricted or Subscription Access
Funder: European Research Council (ERC), University of Warwick Chancellor’s Interational Scholarship, Birmingham Science City, Advantage West Midlands (AWM)
Grant number: ERC-2009-AdG247143-QUANTIF (ERC)

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