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Transportation safety of lithium iron phosphate batteries - a feasibility study of storing at very low states of charge
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Barai, Anup, Uddin, Kotub, Chevalier, Julie, Chouchelamane, G. H., McGordon, Andrew, Low, John C. T. and Jennings, P. A. (Paul A.) (2017) Transportation safety of lithium iron phosphate batteries - a feasibility study of storing at very low states of charge. Scientific Reports, 7 (5128). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05438-2 ISSN 2045-2322.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05438-2
Abstract
In freight classification, lithium-ion batteries are classed as dangerous goods and are therefore subject to stringent regulations and guidelines for certification for safe transport. One such guideline is the requirement for batteries to be at a state of charge of 30%. Under such conditions, a significant amount of the battery’s energy is stored; in the event of mismanagement, or indeed an airside incident, this energy can lead to ignition and a fire. In this work, we investigate the effect on the battery of removing 99.1% of the total stored energy. The performance of 8Ah C6/LiFePO4 pouch cells were measured following periods of calendar ageing at low voltages, at and well below the manufacturer’s recommended value. Battery degradation was monitored using impedance spectroscopy and capacity tests; the results show that the cells stored at 2.3 V exhibited no change in cell capacity after 90 days; resistance rise was negligible. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results indicate that there was no significant copper dissolution. To test the safety of the batteries at low voltages, external short-circuit tests were performed on the cells. While the cells discharged to 2.3 V only exhibited a surface temperature rise of 6 °C, cells at higher voltages exhibited sparks, fumes and fire.
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||
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Subjects: | T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > Engineering Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group) |
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Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Lithium ion batteries -- Freight and freightage -- Safety regulations | ||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Scientific Reports | ||||||||
Publisher: | Nature Publishing Group | ||||||||
ISSN: | 2045-2322 | ||||||||
Official Date: | 11 July 2017 | ||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 7 | ||||||||
Number: | 5128 | ||||||||
Number of Pages: | 10 | ||||||||
DOI: | 10.1038/s41598-017-05438-2 | ||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 11 July 2017 | ||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 11 July 2017 | ||||||||
Funder: | Innovate UK, High Value Manufacturing Catapult, Jaguar Land Rover (Firm), Tata Motors, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) | ||||||||
Grant number: | EP/M507143/1, EP/N001745/1 (EPSRC) | ||||||||
Open Access Version: |
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