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Mikel A. González, Krishna K. Bandi, Melissa J. Bell, Reginaldo P. Brazil, Erin Dilger, Angel Guerrero, Orin Courtenay, James G. C. Hamilton
A temporal comparison of sex-aggregation pheromone gland content and dynamics of release in three members of the Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) species complex
www.plosntds.org
www.plosntds.org
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(25)Tj
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(4)Tj
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1.2813 0 Td
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0 Tc
0.703 0.051 Td
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0.3288 -0.051 Td
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2.7212 0 Td
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([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
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[()]TJ
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0.6746 0 Td
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(27)Tj
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0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 528.4346 698.8535 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(o)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 532.233 694.3748 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(C\))Tj
1.2245 0 Td
(held)Tj
1.9446 0 Td
(for)Tj
-36.3909 -1.2982 Td
(2)Tj
0.6917 0 Td
(min)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(increased)Tj
4.0024 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(10C)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(min)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 351.1559 685.8708 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(-1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 359.4897 681.3921 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(final)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(isothermal)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.125 0 Td
(\(250)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 512.2771 685.8708 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(o)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 516.0755 681.3921 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(C\))Tj
1.2188 0 Td
(held)Tj
1.9503 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(10)Tj
-36.1585 -1.2982 Td
(min.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 641.9338 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Cleaning)Tj
4.1055 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0441 0 Td
(glassware)Tj
4.6678 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8661 0 Td
(entrainment)Tj
5.4378 0 Td
(equipment)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 624.9259 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(remove)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(potential)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(contaminants,)Tj
5.9358 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1451 0 Td
(glassware)Tj
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(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(carefully)Tj
3.6339 0 Td
(cleaned)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(prior)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(washing)Tj
-33.9701 -1.2982 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(10%)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(detergent)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(solution.)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
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0.8561 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(rinsed)Tj
2.7156 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(distilled)Tj
3.3846 0 Td
(water,)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(dried)Tj
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(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(acetone)Tj
3.2768 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.2706 -1.2983 Td
(finally)Tj
2.7042 0 Td
(heated)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(oven)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(180)Tj
/F16 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
(C)Tj
2.6419 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(12)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(h.)Tj
-14.9044 -1.3039 Td
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1.7858 0 Td
(components)Tj
5.176 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(entrainment)Tj
5.2044 0 Td
(apparatus)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(connected)Tj
4.3427 0 Td
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1.9956 0 Td
(fluorinated)Tj
4.6601 0 Td
(ethyl-)Tj
-34.5484 -1.2983 Td
(ene)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(propylene)Tj
4.2293 0 Td
(\(FEP\))Tj
2.5568 0 Td
(tubing)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(cleaned)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(internally)Tj
4.0591 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(rinsing)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(hexane)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(\(BDH)Tj
2.6418 0 Td
(HiPer-)Tj
-33.9304 -1.2982 Td
(Solv,)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(97%,)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(VWR,)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(Lutterworth,)Tj
5.2951 0 Td
(UK\))Tj
1.9673 0 Td
(before)Tj
2.7382 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(entrainment.)Tj
-21.6055 -1.3039 Td
(A)Tj
0.907 0 Td
(new)Tj
1.8766 0 Td
(clean)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(50)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(ml)Tj
1.2869 0 Td
(r/b)Tj
1.4287 0 Td
(flask)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(every)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4538 0 Td
(replicate)Tj
3.6284 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(ensure)Tj
2.8743 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.4634 -1.2983 Td
(potential)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(residual)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(pheromone)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(interfere)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(outcome)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(successive)Tj
-31.6911 -1.2983 Td
(entrainments.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 494.4755 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Pheromone)Tj
5.3291 0 Td
(gland)Tj
2.6315 0 Td
(content)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 477.4677 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.3379 0 Td
(obtain)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(sand)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(flies)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(known)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(age,)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(larval)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(rearing)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(pots)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(inspected)Tj
4.0138 0 Td
(every)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(h,)Tj
0.9695 0 Td
(and)Tj
-33.5053 -1.2982 Td
(newly)Tj
2.5738 0 Td
(emerged)Tj
3.6793 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5002 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(transferred)Tj
4.6374 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(nylon)Tj
2.5229 0 Td
(netting)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(cages)Tj
2.3244 0 Td
(\(18)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(x)Tj
0.6803 0 Td
(18)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(x)Tj
0.686 0 Td
(18)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(cm\))Tj
1.8029 0 Td
(inside)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(plastic)Tj
-34.1062 -1.3039 Td
(bags.)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.5681 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(kept)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(under)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(temperature,)Tj
5.3575 0 Td
(RH)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(L:D)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(col-)Tj
-35.0813 -1.2983 Td
(ony.)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(Humidity)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(maintained)Tj
4.7906 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(placing)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(dampened)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(laboratory)Tj
4.3483 0 Td
(filter)Tj
2.1147 0 Td
(paper)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(inside)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(plastic)Tj
-34.3726 -1.2983 Td
(bags)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(sugar)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(\(50%)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(fructose)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(solution\))Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(freely)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(available)Tj
3.6624 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(small)Tj
2.3244 0 Td
(piece)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(cotton)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(wool)Tj
-33.749 -1.3039 Td
(inside)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(holding)Tj
3.3109 0 Td
(cage.)Tj
2.194 0 Td
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2.5738 0 Td
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2.126 0 Td
(selected)Tj
3.3448 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(experimentation)Tj
6.8372 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(known)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(ages;)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(02,)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(68,)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(12)Tj
-35.7616 -1.2982 Td
(14,)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(1820,)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(2426)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(hours)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(old)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(2,)Tj
0.9184 0 Td
(3,)Tj
0.9241 0 Td
(5,)Tj
0.9184 0 Td
(7,)Tj
0.9184 0 Td
(9,)Tj
0.9241 0 Td
(12)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(15)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(days)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(old.)Tj
-22.1271 -1.2983 Td
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1.3379 0 Td
(determine)Tj
4.3256 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(pheromone)Tj
4.8699 0 Td
(gland)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(content,)Tj
3.4922 0 Td
(six)Tj
1.3153 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(\(replicates\))Tj
4.6658 0 Td
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(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
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1.542 0 Td
(cate-)Tj
-34.3443 -1.2983 Td
(gory)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
(analysed)Tj
3.651 0 Td
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1.1792 0 Td
(GC-MS.)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
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2.5795 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(individually)Tj
4.989 0 Td
(placed)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(Pasteur)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(pipette)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(ampoules)Tj
-32.19 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
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3.3505 0 Td
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1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
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(drop)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(\(ca.)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(ul\))Tj
1.338 0 Td
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1.0148 0 Td
(analytical)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(grade)Tj
2.4434 0 Td
(hexane)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
0 Tc
()Tj
/F9 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
1.3266 0 Td
(99%)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(purity,)Tj
2.88 0 Td
(SupraSolv,)Tj
-30.6706 -1.2983 Td
(Merck,)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(Germany\).)Tj
4.5524 0 Td
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1.7858 0 Td
(ampoules)Tj
4.0536 0 Td
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2.1259 0 Td
(flame-sealed)Tj
5.1931 0 Td
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1.7348 0 Td
(left)Tj
1.474 0 Td
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1.3833 0 Td
(24)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(h)Tj
0.7483 0 Td
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0.9525 0 Td
(room)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
-30.6536 -1.2982 Td
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1.0262 0 Td
(analysis.)Tj
3.5546 0 Td
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5.743 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(ampoules)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
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2.1203 0 Td
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3.1691 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(solvent)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(gently)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(evapo-)Tj
-34.0041 -1.3039 Td
(rated)Tj
2.2733 0 Td
(under)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(N)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 256.3086 319.8047 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 262.0346 321.4488 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(volume)Tj
3.1975 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(ca.)Tj
1.3039 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.6917 0 Td
(ul.)Tj
1.2188 0 Td
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1.7859 0 Td
(entire)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
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3.0217 0 Td
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1.7008 0 Td
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3.3902 0 Td
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1.8368 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(GC-MS)Tj
-33.0857 -1.2982 Td
(system.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 281.9905 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Pheromone)Tj
5.3291 0 Td
(release)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 264.9826 cm
BT
/F9 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Groups)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(males,)Tj
2.7325 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(appeared)Tj
3.8721 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(healthy)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(vigorous,)Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(immobilised)Tj
5.2327 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(cooling)Tj
-34.1345 -1.2982 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(freezer)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(30)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(s,)Tj
0.8107 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(transferred)Tj
4.6374 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(holding)Tj
3.3108 0 Td
(cage)Tj
1.9673 0 Td
(into)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(clean)Tj
2.2961 0 Td
(50)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(ml)Tj
1.2813 0 Td
(r/b)Tj
1.4286 0 Td
(glass)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(flask)Tj
-34.0665 -1.2983 Td
(using)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(battery)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(powered)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(aspirator.)Tj
4.0082 0 Td
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4.9039 0 Td
(released)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
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2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(males)Tj
2.5059 0 Td
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1.6951 0 Td
(collected)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.892 -1.3039 Td
(headspace)Tj
4.2916 0 Td
(volatiles)Tj
3.4582 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(portable)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(entrainment)Tj
5.2044 0 Td
(apparatus)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(\(Barry)Tj
2.7666 0 Td
(Pye,)Tj
1.8878 0 Td
(Kings)Tj
2.5342 0 Td
(Walden,)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(Herts,)Tj
-34.4123 -1.2983 Td
(UK\).)Tj
2.194 0 Td
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2.5341 0 Td
(air)Tj
1.2926 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(pushed)Tj
3.1067 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(50)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(ml)Tj
1.287 0 Td
(r/b)Tj
1.4286 0 Td
(glass)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(flask)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(containing)Tj
4.5241 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(sand)Tj
2.0919 0 Td
(flies)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(into)Tj
-35.7956 -1.2982 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(glass)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(tube)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(filled)Tj
2.2166 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
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2.9253 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(adsorbent)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(polymer)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(\(ORBO)Tj
3.2542 0 Td
(402,)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(Sigma-Aldrich)Tj
6.0775 0 Td
(Ltd.,)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
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