2020

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2020) Amateur armies : militias and volunteers in war and peace, 1797-1961. Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781526734433

2019

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2019) Educational parenting programmes – examining the critique of a global, regional and national policy choice. Research Papers in Education . doi:10.1080/02671522.2019.1678066 (In Press)

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2019) Evaluation of the University of Warwick’s outreach programme, UniTracks : The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 10. UniTracks, 2015-2019 ; delivering outreach and assessing impact. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2019) Research to understand successful approaches to supporting the most academically able disadvantaged pupils. In: RADY Conference, Birmingham, 6 Mar 2019

2018

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Dytham, Siobhan and Hayden, Nikita (2018) Research to understand successful approaches to supporting the most academically able disadvantaged pupils. London: Department of Education.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2018) Evaluation of the University of Warwick's outreach programme, UniTracks : The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 9 : Impact. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2018) Evaluation of the ThinkHigher NCOP programme, Warwickshire ; February – July, 2018. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2018) Evaluation of the University of Warwick's outreach programme, UniTracks: The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 8 : UniTracks' Big Deal, Shooting the Past, and Mentoring, 2018. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2018) Evaluation of the Autism Education Trust Programme, 2017-2018. Coventry ; London: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick : Autism Education Trust.

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Stacey, Mark (2018) World War II Vichy French security troops. Men at Arms (516). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472827753

2017

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2017) Researching the role of fathers in parenting initiatives. In: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal & Research, Parenting Conference, Coventry, 07 Nov 2017

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2017) Rotha Lintorn-Orman, the making of a fascist leader. The Historian, 135 .

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Thomas, Ruth (2017) Evaluation of the University of Warwick's outreach programme, UniTracks : The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 7 : E-mentoring, 2016-2017. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Thomas, Ruth (2017) Evaluation of the University of Warwick's outreach programme, UniTracks : The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 6: 'Shooting the Past', 2017. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Lindsay, Geoff (2017) The CANparent Trial – the delivery of universal parenting education in England. British Educational Research Journal, 43 (4). pp. 759-780. doi:10.1002/berj.3282

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Thomas, Ruth (2017) Evaluation of the Autism Education Trust Programme, 2016-2017. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Lindsay, Geoff, Totsika, Vasiliki, Bakopoulou, Ioanna , Gray, Gemma, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Thomas, Ruth, Caton, Sally and Miller, Andy (2017) Review of arrangements for disagreement resolution (SEND). London: Department of Education ; Ministy of Justice.

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2017) A better start implementation evaluation workstream report 1 - learning from the bid development phase. Coventry: Warwick Consortium ; National Lottery.

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2017) A better start implementation evaluation workstream Report 2 - learning from the grant set up phase. University of Warwick: Warwick Consortium.

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Simpson, Charlotte, Bubley, Russ, Pike, Matthew and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2017) Delivering family interventions through social investment? Sharing the learning from a voluntary sector case study. London: Addaction.

2016

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) Left turn ahead. The Jewish Chronicle . ISSN 0021-633X

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) Jews in the Communist Party of Great Britain : perceptions of ethnicity and class. In: Hoffman, Matthew and Srebrnik, Henry, (eds.) A vanished ideology : essays on the Jewish Communist Movement in the English-speaking world in the twentieth century. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, pp. 159-193. ISBN 9781438462196

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Thomas, Ruth (2016) Evaluation of the University of Warwick's outreach programme, UniTracks : The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 5 : The Big Deal Enterprise Challenge, 2017. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) Evaluation of the University of Warwick's outreach programme, UniTracks : The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 2 : The Big Deal Enterprise Challenge, 2016. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) Evaluation of the University of Warwick's outreach programme, UniTracks : The Warwick Young Achievers' Programme : Report 3 : 'Shooting the Past', 2016. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) Evaluation of the Autism Education Trust programme, 2015-2016. University of Warwick: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR).

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) Parenting Policy, from Tony Blair and PEIP to David Cameron and CANparent. [Online]. (http://arts.leeds.ac.uk/parentingforum/2016/03/24/...).

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) Mum’s army : the forgotten role of women in the Home Guard. The Conversation .

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) The troubled relationship between the state and parent. The Conversation .

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2016) In search of the real Dad's Army ; the Home Guard and the defence of the United Kingdom. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military . ISBN 9781473878228

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Lindsay, Geoff (2016) Universal parenting programme provision in England : barriers to parent engagement in the CANparent trial, 2012-2014. Children & Society, 30 (1). pp. 71-81. doi:10.1111/chso.12120

2015

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2015) How to help young people with autism stay on in education after school. The Conversation .

Cullen, Mairi Ann and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2015) Evaluation of the ‘finished at school programme’ for ambitious about autism, 2013-2015 : final report. Coventry, UK: University of Warwick. Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research.

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Lindsay, Geoff (2015) Evaluation of Autism Education Trust Training Hubs Programme, 2013-15 : final report. Coventry: University of Warwick. Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2015) Fanatical Fay Taylour : her sporting and political life at speed, 1904-1983. Warwick: Allotment Hut.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2015) G & T : supporting Gifted and Talented pupils. In: Manchester Grammar School Head Teachers' Conference, Manchester, 27 Feb 2015

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2015) What do parents want from universal parenting programmes? Evidence from CANparent, 2012-14, a UK government parenting initiative. In: European Conference on Education Research, Budapest, Hungary, 10 Sep 2015

2014

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Totsika, Vasiliki, Bakopoulou, Ioanna , Goodlad, Susan, Brind, Richard, Pickering, Emily, Bryson , Caroline, Purdon, Susan, Conlon, Gavan and Mantovani, Iris (2014) CANparent trial evaluation : final report. Coventry, UK: CEDAR, TNS-BMRB & BPSR. (Reference : DFE-RR357).

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Totsika, Vasiliki, Goodlad, Susan, Brind, Richard, Pickering, Emily, Bryson , Caroline, Purdon, Susan, Conlon, Gavan and Mantovani, Iris (2014) CANparent trial evaluation : final report research brief. Coventry, UK: CEDAR, TNS-BMRB & BPSR. (Reference : DFE-RB357).

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2014) Federal dreams aren’t just for Juncker – the far right has long had a pan-European flavour. The Conversation .

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2014) Bill Nighy fronts new Dad’s Army, but don’t forget the real Home Guard. The Conversation .

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2014) Evaluation of Autism Education Trust Training Hubs Programme, 2013-15 : interim report. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Lindsay, Geoff and Hastings, Richard P. (2014) Evaluation of the ‘Finished at School Programme’ for Ambitious about Autism, 2013-2015 : interim report. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Strand, Steve, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2014) CANparent trial evaluation : second interim report. Coventry, UK: CEDAR, TNS-BMRB & BPSR. (Reference : DFE-RR317).

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2014) Introducing markets into parenting support education – emergent issues from ‘CANparent’, a major UK government initiative, 2012-2014. In: European Conference on Education Research, Portugal, 3 Sep 2014

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2014) Parenting support providers’ perceptions of parents/carers’ needs in a UK initiative. In: European Conference on Education Research, Portugal, 4 Sep 2014

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2014) Review of Jews and the left: the rise and fall of a political alliance by Mendes, P. The Australian Journal of Jewish Studies, 28 . pp. 201-206. ISSN 1037-0838

2013

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Lindsay, Geoff and Strand, Steve (2013) The parenting early intervention programme in England, 2006-11 ; a classed experience? British Educational Research Journal, Volume 39 (Number 6). pp. 1025-1043. doi:10.1002/berj.3020

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Lindsay, Geoff and Arweck, Elisabeth (2013) Evaluation of autism education trust training hubs programme, 2011-13: final report. Coventry, UK: CEDAR, University of Warwick.

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Lindsay, Geoff, Dahl, Sarah and Barlow, Jane (2013) Evaluation of Addaction's 'First Steps' children's centre project, final report. Coventry, UK: University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Lindsay, Geoff (2013) "I'm just there to ease the burden" : the parent support adviser role in English schools and the question of emotional labour. British Educational Research Journal, Volume 39 (Number 2). pp. 302-319. doi:10.1080/01411926.2011.640393

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Strand, Steve, Bakopoulou, Ioanna , Lindsay, Geoff, Brind, Richard, Pickering, Emily, Bryson , Caroline and Purdon, Susan (2013) CANparent trial evaluation : first interim report. Coventry, UK: CEDAR, TNS-BMRB & BPSR. (Reference : DFE- RR280 ).

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2013) Strange journey : the life of Dorothy Eckersley. The Historian, Autumn (119). pp. 1-6.

2012

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2012) Evaluation of autism education trust training hubs programme : interim report - results from the L2 and L3 pilot training sessions and views of hub leads. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2012) 'Jewish Communists' or 'Communist Jews'? : the Communist Party of Great Britain and British Jews in the 1930s. Socialist History, Vol.12 (No.41). pp. 22-42.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2012) Fay Taylour : a dangerous woman in sport and politics. Women's History Review, Volume 14 (Issue 2). pp. 211-232. doi:10.1080/09612025.2012.657887

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Lindsay, Geoff and Barlow, Jane (2012) Evaluation of Addaction's 'First Steps' Children's Centre Project : end of Year 1 report. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Lindsay, Geoff and Charman, Tony (2012) Evaluation of autism education trust training hubs programme. First data capture report : pilot of level 1 training. Coventry, UK: CEDAR, University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2012) Evidence based parenting programmes – examining the effectiveness of a large scale implementation. In: NFPF/NERA Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, 8-10 Mar 2012

2011

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2011) Oxford's literary war; Oxford University's servicemen and the Great War. The Historian, 110 .

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2011) "The land of my dreams": the gendered utopian dreams and disenchantment of British literary ex-combatants of the Great War. Cultural & Social History, Vol.8 (No.2). pp. 195-211. doi:10.2752/147800411X12949180694344

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Dockrell, Julie E., Strand, Steve, Arweck, Elisabeth, Hegarty, Seamus and Goodlad, Susan (2011) Evaluation of impact of Department for Education investment in initiatives designed to improve teacher workforce skills in relation to SEN and disabilities. London, UK: Department for Education.

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Dockrell, Julie E., Strand, Steve, Arweck, Elisabeth, Hegarty, Seamus and Goodlad, Susan (2011) Evaluation of impact of DfE investment in initiatives designed to improve teacher workforce skills in relation to SEN and disabilities. London : Department of Education. (Research Report : DFE-RR115).

Lindsay, Geoff, Strand, Steve, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Band, Sue, Davis, Hilton, Conlon, Gavan, Barlow, Jane and Evans, Ray (2011) Parenting Early Intervention Programme evaluation. London, UK: Department for Education.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2011) Other politics, other prejudices; the failure of the British Union of Fascists in Scotland. History Scotland . pp. 28-33.

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Wellings, Chris (2011) Bringing families and schools together : giving children in high poverty areas the best start at school. London, UK: Save the Children .

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2011) Building urban communities : parents and schools in an English initiative. In: European Conference on Education Research, Berlin, 14 Sep 2011

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2011) In search of the real Dad's Army : the Home Guard and the defence of the United Kingdom 1940-1944. UK: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781848842694

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2011) Rights and responsibilities : parenting support in England. In: British Educational Research Association, Institute of Education, London, 7 Sep 2011 (Unpublished)

2010

Lindsay, Geoff, Strand, Steve, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Band, Sue and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2010) Parenting early intervention programme : second interim report. London, UK: Department for Education. (Parenting early intervention programme).

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Dockrell, Julie E., Goodlad, Susan and Arweck, Elisabeth (2010) Evaluation of the impact of the DfE investment in initiatives designed to improve teacher workforce skills in relation to SEN and disabilities : first interim report. London, UK: Department for Education. (Improving teachers skills in SEN and disabilities).

Lindsay, Geoff, Strand, Steve, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Band, Susan and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2010) Parenting early intervention programme : 2nd interim report. London : Department for Education . (Ref : DFE-RR047 ).

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Band, Susan, Davis, Liz and Lindsay, Geoff (2010) Supporting fathers to engage with their children's learning and education : an under-developed aspect of the Parent Support Adviser pilot. British Educational Research Journal, Vol.37 (No.3). pp. 485-500. doi:10.1080/01411921003786579

Lindsay, G., Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Dockrell, J., Strand, Steve and Hartas, Dimitra (2010) Evaluation of impact of DCSF investment in initiatives designed to improve teacher workforce skills in relation to SEN and disabilities : the first six months. London : Department for children, schools and families. (DCSF-RBX–10-04).

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Band, Sue, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Strand, Steve (2010) Evaluation of the Parenting Early Intervention Programme : 1st interim report. London : Department for Children, Schools and Families. (Research Report : Dcsf-Rr193).

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2010) Improving classroom skills around SEND in England? Issues with policy implementation at school level. In: British Educational Research Association, Coventry, 3 Sep 2010 (Unpublished)

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2010) The Parenting Early Intervention Programme, 2006-2010 : parents' perceptions of parenting courses as an educative process leading to changes in family life. In: European Conference on Educational Research, Helsinki, Finland, 25 Aug 2010 (Unpublished)

2009

Lindsay, Geoff, Davis, Hilton, Strand, Steve, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Band, Susan, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Davis, Liz, Hasluck, Chris, Evans, Raymond John and Stewart-Brown, Sarah L. (2009) Parent support advisor pilot evaluation : final report. Department for Children, Schools and Families. (DCSF-RR151).

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2009) Fascists behind barbed wire; political internment without trial in wartime Britain. The Historian, 100 .

2008

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2008) The Fasces and the Saltire: the failure of the British Union of Fascists in Scotland, 1932-1940. Scottish Historical Review, Vol.87 (No.2). pp. 306-331. doi:10.3366/E0036924108000176

Lindsay, Geoff, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Band, S., Cullen, Stephen Michael and Davis, L. (2008) Parent support advisor pilot evaluation : second interim report. London : Department for Children, Schools and Families. (DCSF-RR037).

Lindsay, G., Davies, H., Band, S., Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Strand, Steve, Hasluck, C., Evans, R. and Stewart-Brown, Sarah L. (2008) Parenting early intervention pathfinder evaluation. Department for Children, Schools and Families. (DCSF-RW054).

Lindsay, Geoff, Band, Sue, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2008) Parenting Early Intervention Pathfinder Evaluation : 2nd interim report. London : Department for Children, Schools and Families. (Research Report DCSF-RW035).

Lindsay, Geoff, Band, Sue, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2008) Parenting early intervention pathfinder evaluation : additional study of the involvement of extended schools. London : Department for Children, Schools and Families. (Research Report DCSF-RW036).

Hartas, Dimitra, Lindsay, Geoff, Arweck, Elisabeth and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2008) The nature and outcomes of PGCE Plus as a model for teacher professional development. Professional Development in Education, Vol.35 (No.1). pp. 101-118.

2007

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2007) Evaluation of the The Big Deal National Enterprise Competition, 2007. Coventry: Centre for Educational Development Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), The University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Hartas, Dimitra and Lindsay, Geoff (2007) Schools as creative beacons II : creative partnerships, Coventry. Coventry, UK: University of Warwick.

Lindsay, Geoff, Band, Sue, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Cullen, Stephen Michael (2007) Parent early intervention pathfinders : 1st interim report. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

Lindsay, Geoff, Band, Sue, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael, Davis, Liz, Davis, Hilton, Evans , Ray, Stewart-Brown, Sarah L., Strand, Steve and Hasluck, Chris (2007) Parent support advisor pilot : first interim report from the evaluation. London, UK: Department for Children, Schools and Families.

2006

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2006) 'A battalion of Christs' : Christian themes and motifs in Great War writing. English Review, 17 (1). pp. 26-28.

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Hartas, Dimitra, Medwell, Jane and Lindsay, Geoff (2006) Schools as creative beacons : creative partnerships (CP), Coventry. Coventry, UK: University of Warwick.

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2006) Home Guard socialism : a vision of a people's army. Warwick: Allotment Hut Booklets.

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Hartas, Dimitra, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Lindsay, Geoff (2006) National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth : evaluation of the Summer Schools 2005. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

2005

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2005) The national academy of gifted and talented youth : evaluation of the gifted entrepreneurs programme 2004/2005. Coventry: University of Warwick, Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

Cullen, Stephen Michael, Cullen, Mairi Ann and Lindsay, Geoff (2005) National academy for gifted and talented youth (NAGTY) ; summer schools 2005; seven case study strands. Coventry: University of Warwick, Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

Cullen, Stephen Michael and Cullen, Mairi Ann (2005) Socialising with like-minded peers: the importance of friendships to students at National Academy of Gifted and Talented Youth (NAGTY) summer schools. In: British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, University of Glamorgan, 14-17 Sep 2005

Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2005) The National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth : evaluation of Summer Schools 2004. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

Arweck, Elisabeth, Cullen, Mairi Ann, Cullen, Stephen Michael and Lindsay, Geoff (2005) The National Academy for Gifted and Talented Youth : evaluation of PGCE Plus 2004. Interim Report 1. Coventry, UK: Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research .

2000

Cullen, Stephen Michael (2000) Rereading the Great War. English Review, Volume 11 .

1996

Cullen, Stephen Michael (1996) Four women for Mosley : women in the British Union of Fascists, 1932-1940. Oral History, Volume 24 (Number 1). pp. 49-59.

1994

Cullen, Stephen Michael (1994) Another nationalism; the British union of Fascists in Glamorgan. Welsh History Review, Volume 17 (Number 1). pp. 101-114.

1993

Cullen, Stephen Michael (1993) Political violence : the case of the British Union of Fascists. Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 28 (Number 2). pp. 245-267.

1987

Cullen, Stephen Michael (1987) The development of the ideas and policy of the British union of Fascists, 1932-40. Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 22 (Number 1). pp. 115-136. doi:10.1177/002200948702200107

1986

Cullen, Stephen Michael (1986) Leaders and martyrs : Codreanu, Mosley and Jose Antonio. History, Volume 71 (Number 233). pp. 408-430. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1986.tb01450.x