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Nucleation of the β-polymorph in composites of poly(propylene) and graphene nanoplatelets
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Guerra, Valentina, Wan, Chaoying and McNally, Tony (2019) Nucleation of the β-polymorph in composites of poly(propylene) and graphene nanoplatelets. Journal of Composites Science, 3 (2). 38. doi:10.3390/jcs3020038 ISSN 2504-477X.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3020038
Abstract
he effects of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the nucleation of the β-polymorph of polypropylene (PP) were studied when melt-mixed at loadings of 0.1–5 wt % using a laboratory scale twin-screw (conical) extruder and a twin-screw (parallel) extruder with L/D = 40. At low GNP loadings (i.e., ≤0.3 wt %), the mixing efficiency of the extruder used correlated with the β-nucleating activity of GNPs for PP. GNP agglomeration at low loadings (<0.5 wt %) resulted in an increase in the β-phase fraction (Kβ) of PP, as determined from X-ray diffraction measurements, up to 37% at 0.1 wt % GNPs for composites prepared using a laboratory scale twin-screw (conical) extruder. The level of GNP dispersion and distribution was better when the composites were prepared using a 16-mm twin-screw (parallel) extruder, giving a Kβ increase of 24% upon addition of 0.1 wt % GNPs to PP. For GNP loadings >0.5 wt %, the level of GNP dispersion in PP did not influence the growth of β-crystals, where Kβ reached a value of 24%, regardless of the type of extruder used. From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, the addition of GNPs to PP increased the crystallization temperature (Tc) of PP by 14 °C and 10 °C for the laboratory scale extruder and 16-mm extruder, respectively, confirming the nucleation of PP by GNPs. The degree of crystallinity (Xc%) of PP increased slightly at low GNP additions (≤0.3 wt %), but then decreased with increasing GNP content.
Item Type: | Journal Article | |||||||||
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Subjects: | T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) | |||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Chemistry | |||||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Graphene -- Industrial applications | |||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Journal of Composites Science | |||||||||
Publisher: | M D P I AG | |||||||||
ISSN: | 2504-477X | |||||||||
Official Date: | 8 April 2019 | |||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 3 | |||||||||
Number: | 2 | |||||||||
Article Number: | 38 | |||||||||
DOI: | 10.3390/jcs3020038 | |||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | |||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | |||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | |||||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 2 May 2019 | |||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 2 May 2019 | |||||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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