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Packages of Sodium (Salt) sold for consumption and salt dispensers should be required to have a front of package health warning label. A position statement of the World Hypertension League, national and international health and scientific organizations
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Campbell, N. R. C., Webster, J., Blanco-Metzler, A., He, F. J., Tan, Monique, MacGregor, G. A., Cappuccio, Francesco, Arcand, J. A, Trieu, K., Farrand, C., Jones, A., Whelton, P. K. and Zhang, X -H. (2019) Packages of Sodium (Salt) sold for consumption and salt dispensers should be required to have a front of package health warning label. A position statement of the World Hypertension League, national and international health and scientific organizations. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 21 (11). pp. 1623-1625. doi:10.1111/jch.13698 ISSN 1751-7176.
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13698
Abstract
Dietary risks in aggregate are the leading risk for death globally. Among dietary risks, high dietary sodium (salt) is the leading risk.1 Globally, excess dietary sodium is estimated to have caused over 3 million deaths and over 70 million disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYS) in 2017.1, 2 High dietary sodium is predominantly a risk as a result of increasing blood pressure (the leading single risk for death globally) but is also a probable pro‐carcinogen for gastric cancer, directly causes cardiovascular and renal damage independent of blood pressure, and is associated with several other diseases.1, 3-11 The recent National Academy of Medicine review of the evidence for dietary sodium consumption in United States and Canada concluded that excess dietary sodium increases blood pressure, that elevated blood pressure causes cardiovascular disease (CVD) and that there is moderately strong evidence that high dietary sodium directly increases total mortality and cardiovascular events.12 In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that increased dietary sodium increases blood pressure and is associated with CVD.13 Multiple other diseases have associations and biologically sound pathophysiological mechanisms for sodium causing harm, but clinical evidence is not substantive enough to prove causality.3 In addition, acute ingestion of sodium chloride (salt) in the range of 17 g or more in an adult, and 12.5 g or more in an infant can cause seizures, coma, and death. Although ingestions of large quantities of sodium are very distasteful and believed to be infrequent, both accidental and intentional deaths do occur.12, 14
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||
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Subjects: | H Social Sciences > HD Industries. Land use. Labor Q Science > QP Physiology R Medicine > RC Internal medicine T Technology > TX Home economics |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences > Mental Health and Wellbeing Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School |
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Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Food -- Sodium content, Human beings -- Effect of salt on, Salt -- Health aspects, Salt -- Safety measures, Salt -- Safety regulations, Salt industry and trade , Warning labels, Salt in the body | ||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Journal of Clinical Hypertension | ||||||||
Publisher: | Wiley | ||||||||
ISSN: | 1751-7176 | ||||||||
Official Date: | November 2019 | ||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 21 | ||||||||
Number: | 11 | ||||||||
Page Range: | pp. 1623-1625 | ||||||||
DOI: | 10.1111/jch.13698 | ||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||
Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights): | "This is the peer reviewed version of the following article:Campbell, NRC, Webster, J, Blanco‐Metzler, A, et al. Packages of sodium (Salt) sold for consumption and salt dispensers should be required to have a front of package health warning label: A position statement of the World Hypertension League, national and international health and scientific organizations. J Clin Hypertens. 2019; 00: 1– 3., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13698. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions." | ||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||||
Description: | Free access |
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Date of first compliant deposit: | 12 September 2019 | ||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 25 September 2020 | ||||||||
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