Khastgir, Siddartha, Brewerton, Simon, Thomas, John and Jennings, Paul. A. (2021) Systems approach to creating test scenarios for automated driving systems. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 215 . 107610. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2021.107610 ISSN 0951-8320.

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Abstract

Increased safety has been advocated as one of the major benefits of the introduction of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). Incorporation of ADSs in vehicles mean that associated software has safety critical application, thus requiring exhaustive testing. To prove ADSs are safer than human drivers, some work has suggested that they will need to be driven for over 11 billion miles. The number of test miles driven is not, by itself, a meaningful metric for judging the safety of ADSs. Rather, the types of scenarios encountered by the ADSs during testing are critically important.

With a Hazard Based Testing approach, this paper proposes that the extent to which testing miles are ‘smart miles’ that reflect hazard-based scenarios relevant to the way in which an ADS fails or handles hazards is a fundamental, if not pivotal, consideration for safety-assurance of ADSs. Using Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method as a foundation, an extension to the STPA method has been developed to identify test scenarios. The approach has been applied to a real-world case study of a SAE Level 4 Low-Speed Automated Driving system (a.k.a. a shuttle). This paper, discusses the STPA analysis and a newly-developed test scenarios creation method derived from STPA.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) T Technology > TE Highway engineering. Roads and pavements T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Automated vehicles, Automated vehicles -- Safety measures, Intelligent transportation systems, Intelligent transportation systems -- Safety measures, Driver assistance systems -- Testing
Journal or Publication Title:	Reliability Engineering & System Safety
Publisher:	Elsevier Ltd.
ISSN:	0951-8320
Official Date:	November 2021
Dates:	Date Event November 2021 Published 16 March 2021 Available 11 March 2021 Accepted
Volume:	215
Article Number:	107610
DOI:	10.1016/j.ress.2021.107610
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Open Access (Creative Commons)
Date of first compliant deposit:	22 March 2021
Date of first compliant Open Access:	15 July 2021
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:	Project/Grant ID RIOXX Funder Name Funder ID EP/K011618/1 [EPSRC] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000266 INTACT project Department for Transport http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012356 INTACT project Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011693 102587) Great Britain.‏ HM Government http://viaf.org/viaf/124906873 MR/S035176/1 UK Research and Innovation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100014013

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