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Mechanism of gelation in high nickel content cathode slurries for sodium-ion batteries
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Roberts, Samuel, Chen, Lin, Kishore, Brij, Dancer, Claire E. J., Simmons, Mark J. H. and Kendrick, Emma (2022) Mechanism of gelation in high nickel content cathode slurries for sodium-ion batteries. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 627 . pp. 427-437. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.033 ISSN 0021-9797.
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WRAP-Mechanism-gelation-high-nickel-content-cathode-slurries-ion-batteries-2022.pdf - Published Version - Requires a PDF viewer. Available under License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Download (3202Kb) | Preview |
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.033
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries are a prospective sustainable alternative to the ubiquitous lithium-ion batteries due to the abundancy of sodium, and their cobalt free cathodes. The high nickel O3-type oxides show promising energy densities, however, a time dependency in the rheological properties of the composite electrode slurries is observed, which leads to inhomogeneous coatings being produced. A combination of electron microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy were used to monitor the O3-oxide surface changes upon exposure to air, and the effect upon the rheology and stability of the inks was investigated. Upon exposure to air, NaOH rather than Na2CO3 was observed on the surfaces of the powder through FTIR and EDS. The subsequent gelation of the slurry was initiated by the NaOH and dehydrofluorination with crosslinking of PVDF was observed through the reaction product, NaF. Approximately 15% of the CF bonds in PVDF undergo this dehydrofluorination to form NaF. As observed in the relaxation time of fitted rheological data, the gelation undergoes a three-stage process: a dehydrofluorination stage, creating saturated structures, a crosslinking stage, resulting in the highest rate of gelation, and a final crosslinking stage. This work shows the mechanism for instability of high nickel containing powders and electrode slurries, and presents a new time dependent oscillatory rheology test that can be used to determine the process window for these unstable slurry systems.
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||||||
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Subjects: | T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering | ||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group) | ||||||||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Sodium ion batteries, Energy storage, Gelation, Lithium ion batteries | ||||||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Journal of Colloid and Interface Science | ||||||||||||
Publisher: | Academic Press Inc. Elsivier Science | ||||||||||||
ISSN: | 0021-9797 | ||||||||||||
Official Date: | December 2022 | ||||||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 627 | ||||||||||||
Page Range: | pp. 427-437 | ||||||||||||
DOI: | 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.033 | ||||||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 2 August 2022 | ||||||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 2 August 2022 | ||||||||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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