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Seven years of coordinated Chandra–NuSTAR observations of SN 2014C unfold the extreme mass-loss history of its stellar progenitor
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Brethauer, Daniel, Margutti, Raffaella, Milisavljevic, Dan, Bietenholz, Michael F., Chornock, Ryan, Coppejans, Deanne, Colle, Fabio De, Hajela, Aprajita, Terreran, Giacomo, Vargas, Felipe, DeMarchi, Lindsay, Harris, Chelsea, Jacobson-Galán, Wynn V., Kamble, Atish, Patnaude, Daniel and Stroh, Michael C. (2022) Seven years of coordinated Chandra–NuSTAR observations of SN 2014C unfold the extreme mass-loss history of its stellar progenitor. The Astrophysical Journal, 939 (2). 105. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b14 ISSN 1538-4357.
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b14
Abstract
We present the results from our 7 yr long broadband X-ray observing campaign of SN 2014C with Chandra and NuSTAR. These coordinated observations represent the first look at the evolution of a young extragalactic SN in the 0.3–80 keV energy range in the years after core collapse. We find that the spectroscopic metamorphosis of SN 2014C from an ordinary type Ib SN into an interacting SN with copious hydrogen emission is accompanied by luminous X-rays reaching L x ≈ 5.6 × 1040 erg s−1 (0.3–100 keV) at ∼1000 days post-explosion and declining as L x ∝ t −1 afterwards. The broadband X-ray spectrum is of thermal origin and shows clear evidence for cooling after peak, with T(t)≈20keV(t/tpk)−0.5 . Soft X-rays of sub-keV energy suffer from large photoelectric absorption originating from the local SN environment with NHint(t)≈3×1022(t/400days)−1.4cm−2 . We interpret these findings as the result of the interaction of the SN shock with a dense (n ≈ 105 − 106 cm−3), H-rich disk-like circumstellar medium (CSM) with inner radius ∼2 × 1016 cm and extending to ∼1017 cm. Based on the declining NHint(t) and X-ray luminosity evolution, we infer a CSM mass of ∼(1.2 f–2.0 f)M⊙ , where f is the volume filling factor. We place SN 2014C in the context of 121 core-collapse SNe with evidence for strong shock interaction with a thick circumstellar medium. Finally, we highlight the challenges that the current mass-loss theories (including wave-driven mass loss, binary interaction, and line-driven winds) face when interpreting the wide dynamic ranges of CSM parameters inferred from observations.
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Physics | ||||||
SWORD Depositor: | Library Publications Router | ||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | The Astrophysical Journal | ||||||
Publisher: | The American Astronomical Society | ||||||
ISSN: | 1538-4357 | ||||||
Official Date: | 10 November 2022 | ||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 939 | ||||||
Number: | 2 | ||||||
Article Number: | 105 | ||||||
DOI: | 10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b14 | ||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 9 December 2022 | ||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 9 December 2022 | ||||||
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