Marchesini, Sofia, Reed, Benjamen P., Jones, Helen, Matjacic, Lidija, Rosser, Timothy E., Zhou, Yundong, Brennan, Barry, Tiddia, Mariavitalia, Jervis, Rhodri, Loveridge, Melanie, Raccichini, Rinaldo, Park, Juyeon, Wain, Andrew J., Hinds, Gareth, Gilmore, Ian S., Shard, Alexander G. and Pollard, Andrew J. (2022) Surface analysis of pristine and cycled NMC/graphite lithium-ion battery electrodes : addressing the measurement challenges. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14 (47). pp. 52779-52793. doi:10.1021/acsami.2c13636 ISSN 1944-8244.

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Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are the most ubiquitous energy storage devices in our everyday lives. However, their energy storage capacity fades over time due to chemical and structural changes in their components, via different degradation mechanisms. Understanding and mitigating these degradation mechanisms is key to reducing capacity fade, thereby enabling improvement in the performance and lifetime of Li-ion batteries, supporting the energy transition to renewables and electrification. In this endeavor, surface analysis techniques are commonly employed to characterize the chemistry and structure at reactive interfaces, where most changes are observed as batteries age. However, battery electrodes are complex systems containing unstable compounds, with large heterogeneities in material properties. Moreover, different degradation mechanisms can affect multiple material properties and occur simultaneously, meaning that a range of complementary techniques must be utilized to obtain a complete picture of electrode degradation. The combination of these issues and the lack of standard measurement protocols and guidelines for data interpretation can lead to a lack of trust in data. Herein, we discuss measurement challenges that affect several key surface analysis techniques being used for Li-ion battery degradation studies: focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We provide recommendations for each technique to improve reproducibility and reduce uncertainty in the analysis of NMC/graphite Li-ion battery electrodes. We also highlight some key measurement issues that should be addressed in future investigations.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group)
SWORD Depositor:	Library Publications Router
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Lithium ion batteries, Electrolytes, Fuel cells -- Electrodes, Electric batteries -- Electrodes, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Journal or Publication Title:	ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Publisher:	American Chemical Society
ISSN:	1944-8244
Official Date:	30 November 2022
Dates:	Date Event 30 November 2022 Published 16 November 2022 Available 3 November 2022 Accepted
Volume:	14
Number:	47
Page Range:	pp. 52779-52793
DOI:	10.1021/acsami.2c13636
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Reuse Statement (publisher, data, author rights):	This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c13636
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Date of first compliant deposit:	15 December 2022
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant:	Project/Grant ID RIOXX Funder Name Funder ID #124739 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011693 #126101 Metrology for High Energy Density Batteries UNSPECIFIED EP/S003053/1 Faraday Institution UNSPECIFIED FIRG001 Faraday Institution UNSPECIFIED FIRG028 Faraday Institution UNSPECIFIED FIRG0024 Faraday Institution UNSPECIFIED

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