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Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralizing antibody response : lessons to be learned from HIV and respiratory syncytial virus
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Dimmock, N. J. and Easton, Andrew J. (2023) Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralizing antibody response : lessons to be learned from HIV and respiratory syncytial virus. Viruses , 15 (2). 504. doi:10.3390/v15020504 ISSN 1999-4915.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15020504
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic commenced in 2019 and is still ongoing. Neither infection nor vaccination give long-lasting immunity and, here, in an attempt to understand why this might be, we have compared the neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 with those specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Currently, most of the antibodies specific for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein map to three broad antigenic sites, all at the distal end of the S trimer (receptor-binding site (RBD), sub-RBD and N-terminal domain), whereas the structurally similar HIV-1 and the RSV F envelope proteins have six antigenic sites. Thus, there may be several antigenic sites on the S trimer that have not yet been identified. The epitope mapping, quantitation and longevity of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-specific antibodies produced in response to infection and those elicited by vaccination are now being reported for specific groups of individuals, but much remains to be determined about these aspects of the host–virus interaction. Finally, there is a concern that the SARS-CoV-2 field may be reprising the HIV-1 experience, which, for many years, used a virus for neutralization studies that did not reflect the neutralizability of wild-type HIV-1. For example, the widely used VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S protein pseudotype has 10-fold more S trimers per virion and a different configuration of the trimers compared with the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus. Clarity in these areas would help in advancing understanding and aid countermeasures of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||
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Subjects: | Q Science > QR Microbiology R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) | ||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | COVID-19 (Disease), Coronaviruses , Coronavirus infections, Respiratory infections, Viral antibodies , Antigens | ||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Viruses | ||||||
Publisher: | MDPI AG | ||||||
ISSN: | 1999-4915 | ||||||
Official Date: | 11 January 2023 | ||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 15 | ||||||
Number: | 2 | ||||||
Article Number: | 504 | ||||||
DOI: | 10.3390/v15020504 | ||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 16 February 2023 | ||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 17 February 2023 |
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