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Assessment on the use of high capacity “Sn 4 P 3 ”/NHC composite electrodes for sodium‐ion batteries with ether and carbonate electrolytes
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Palaniselvam, Thangavelu, Mukundan, Charan, Hasa, Ivana, Santhosha, Aggunda L., Goktas, Mustafa, Moon, Hyein, Ruttert, Mirco, Schmuch, Richard, Pollok, Kilian, Langenhorst, Falko, Winter, Martin, Passerini, Stefano and Adelhelm, Philipp (2020) Assessment on the use of high capacity “Sn 4 P 3 ”/NHC composite electrodes for sodium‐ion batteries with ether and carbonate electrolytes. Advanced Functional Materials, 30 (42). 2004798. doi:10.1002/adfm.202004798 ISSN 1616-301X.
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202004798
Abstract
This work reports the facile synthesis of a Sn–P composite combined with nitrogen doped hard carbon (NHC) obtained by ball-milling and its use as electrode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). The “Sn4P3”/NHC electrode (with nominal composition “Sn4P3”:NHC = 75:25 wt%) when coupled with a diglyme-based electrolyte rather than the most commonly employed carbonate-based systems, exhibits a reversible capacity of 550 mAh gelectrode−1 at 50 mA g−1 and 440 mAh gelectrode−1 over 500 cycles (83% capacity retention). Morphology and solid electrolyte interphase formation of cycled “Sn4P3”/NHC electrodes is studied via electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The expansion of the electrode upon sodiation (300 mAh gelectrode−1) is only about 12–14% as determined by in situ electrochemical dilatometry, giving a reasonable explanation for the excellent cycle life despite the conversion-type storage mechanism. In situ X-ray diffraction shows that the discharge product is Na15Sn4. The formation of mostly amorphous Na3P is derived from the overall (electro)chemical reactions. Upon charge the formation of Sn is observed while amorphous P is derived, which are reversibly alloying with Na in the subsequent cycles. However, the formation of Sn4P3 can be certainly excluded.
Item Type: | Journal Article | |||||||||||||||
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Subjects: | Q Science > QD Chemistry T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group) | |||||||||||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Sodium ion batteries -- Materials, Electric batteries -- Electrodes, Electrolytes, Tin, Phosphorus | |||||||||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Advanced Functional Materials | |||||||||||||||
Publisher: | Wiley | |||||||||||||||
ISSN: | 1616-301X | |||||||||||||||
Official Date: | 16 October 2020 | |||||||||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 30 | |||||||||||||||
Number: | 42 | |||||||||||||||
Article Number: | 2004798 | |||||||||||||||
DOI: | 10.1002/adfm.202004798 | |||||||||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | |||||||||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | |||||||||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | |||||||||||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 22 March 2023 | |||||||||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 22 March 2023 | |||||||||||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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