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Application of a new multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for the seasonal investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum cases in Wales and the northwest of England, spring 2022
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Risby, Harriet, Robinson, Guy, Chandra, Nastassya, King, Grace, Vivancos, Roberto, Smith, Robert, Thomas, Daniel, Fox, Andrew, McCarthy, Noel D. and Chalmers, Rachel M. (2023) Application of a new multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) scheme for the seasonal investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum cases in Wales and the northwest of England, spring 2022. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases, 4 . 100151. doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100151 ISSN 2667-114X.
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100151
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans and livestock, and cryptosporidiosis outbreaks are common. However, a multi-locus genotyping scheme is not widely adopted. We describe the further development and application of a seven-locus multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) scheme. From 28th March to 31st July 2022, confirmed C. parvum stools (n = 213) from cryptosporidiosis patients (cases) in Wales (n = 95) and the north west of England (n = 118) were tested by MLVA. Typability (defined as alleles identified at all seven loci in a sample) was 81.2% and discriminatory power estimated by Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index was 0.99. A MLVA profile was constructed from the alleles, expressed in chromosomal order. Profiles were defined as simple (single allele at each locus) or mixed (more than one allele at any locus). A total of 161 MLVA profiles were identified; 13 were mixed, an additional 38 simple profiles contained null records, and 110 were complete simple profiles. A minimum spanning tree was constructed of simple MLVA profiles and those identical at all seven loci defined genetic clusters of cases (here, null records were considered as an allele); 77 cases formed 25 clusters, ranging from two to nine (mode = two) cases. The largest cluster, following epidemiological investigation, signalled a newly-identified outbreak. Two other cases with mixed profiles that contained the outbreak alleles were included in the outbreak investigation. In another epidemiologically-identified outbreak of six initial cases, MLVA detected two additional cases. In a third, small outbreak of three cases, identical MLVA profiles strengthened the microbiological evidence. Review of the performance characteristics of the individual loci and of the seven-locus scheme suggested that two loci might be candidates for review, but a larger dataset over a wider geographical area and longer timeframe will help inform decision-making about the scheme by user laboratories and stakeholders (such as public health agencies). This MLVA scheme is straightforward in use, fast and cheap compared to sequence-based methods, identifies mixed infections, provides an important tool for C. parvum surveillance, and can enhance outbreak investigations and public health action.
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||
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Subjects: | Q Science > QL Zoology R Medicine > RC Internal medicine |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School | ||||||
SWORD Depositor: | Library Publications Router | ||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Cryptosporidium parvum, Gastroenteritis | ||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases | ||||||
Publisher: | Elsevier | ||||||
ISSN: | 2667-114X | ||||||
Official Date: | 7 November 2023 | ||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 4 | ||||||
Article Number: | 100151 | ||||||
DOI: | 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100151 | ||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||
Re-use Statement: | ** Article version: VoR ** From Elsevier via Jisc Publications Router ** History: accepted 12-10-2023; epub 07-11-2023; issued 31-12-2023. ** Licence for VoR version of this article starting on 12-10-2023: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | ||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 28 November 2023 | ||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 29 November 2023 | ||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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