Bieler, Andreas (1998) Austria's and Sweden's accession to the European Community : a comparative neo-Gramscian case study of European integration. PhD thesis, University of Warwick.

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Abstract

Since the 1 January 1995, Austria and Sweden have been members of the European
Community (EC). This thesis analyses why the two countries joined the EC at a
moment, when the latter's development towards a neo-liberal economic policy
embodied in the Internal Market and the convergence criteria of the Economic and
Monetary Union endangered their traditional Keynesian economic policy making and
when the steps towards a Common Foreign and Security Policy threatened Austria's and
Sweden's policies of neutrality.
It is argued that the process leading to application and then the struggle around
the referenda on membership in Austria and Sweden have to analysed against the
background of globalisation, a structural change experienced since the early 1970s and
characterised by the transnationalisation of production and finance and a shift from
Keynesianism to neo-liberalism. Established theories of integration, which take existing
power structures as given, are unable to explain instances of structural change.
Consequently, a critical theory derived from neo-Gramscianism is developed as an
alternative for the investigation of Austria's and Sweden's accession to the EC. Most
importantly, its focus on social forces, engendered by the production process, allows the
approach to conceptualise globalisation.
Applied to the Austrian and Swedish case, it is established that alliances of
internationally-oriented and transnational social forces of capital and labour
respectively, supported by those institutions linked to the global economy such as the
Finance Ministries, were behind the drive towards membership in the neo-liberal EC.
While they succeeded in their undertaking, the forces opposed to the EC and neoliberalism
should not be underestimated. Nationally-oriented labour and capital in
Austria and labour mainly from the public sector in Sweden together with the Green
Parties in both countries may well mount a successful challenge in the future. Changes
in the international structure, although not of primary importance, implied that neutrality
was no big obstacle to EC membership in the late 1980s/early 1990s. Gorbachev's
liberal foreign policy and a general decline in the power of the Soviet Union in the case
of Austria and the end of the Cold War in the case of Sweden allowed the pro-EC forces
in both countries to redefine neutrality in a way that made it compatible with
membership.

Item Type:	Thesis (PhD)
Subjects:	J Political Science > JZ International relations
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	European Union -- Membership, Austria -- Foreign relations -- 1955-, Sweden -- Foreign relations -- 1950-, Globalization, Austria -- Economic conditions -- 20th century, Sweden -- Economic conditions -- 20th century
Official Date:	February 1998
Dates:	Date Event February 1998 Submitted
Institution:	University of Warwick
Theses Department:	Department of Politics and International Studies
Thesis Type:	PhD
Publication Status:	Unpublished
Supervisor(s)/Advisor:	Higgott, Richard A. ; Burnham, Peter, 1959-
Sponsors:	University of Warwick. Dept. of Politics and International Studies
Extent:	x, 357 p.
Language:	eng

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