van Roekel, Eline H., Cheng, Kar K., James, Nicholas D., Wallace, D. Michael, Billingham, Lucinda J., Murray, Paul G., Bryan, Richard T. and Zeegers, Maurice P. (2013) Smoking is associated with lower age, higher grade, higher stage, and larger size of malignant bladder tumours at diagnosis. International Journal of Cancer, 133 (2). pp. 446-454. doi:10.1002/ijc.28017 ISSN 0020-7136.
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Abstract
Smoking is a strong risk factor of bladder cancer (BC), but it is currently unclear whether smoking is also associated with severity of BC at diagnosis. We performed a large hospital-based case-comparison study, examining the relation between smoking and clinical characteristics of BC at diagnosis. A total of 1,544 cases from participating hospitals in the West Midlands were recruited between 19 December 2005 and 21 April 2011. Eligible cases were adult BC patients without a previous history of this disease. At time of diagnosis, semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained research nurses to collect smoking information. Clinical characteristics were obtained from medical records. Linear mixed models were performed to calculate predicted means in clinical outcomes for a variety of smoking behaviors. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. After adjustment for age and gender, current smokers were on average 4.0 years younger at diagnosis (95% CI: -5.9 to -2.0), had larger tumors (mean difference: 0.48 cm, 95% CI: 0.04-0.91), a higher T stage (mean difference: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08-0.41), and a borderline significantly higher grade than never smokers (mean difference: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.00-0.30). Our results suggest that smoking could be associated with a more malignant phenotype of BC at diagnosis. More research is needed on the relation between smoking and prognosis, but our results could strengthen the message about the potential risks of smoking to these patients.
| Item Type: | Journal Article |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer) |
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Health Sciences > Cancer Research Unit Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School |
| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Bladder -- Cancer |
| Journal or Publication Title: | International Journal of Cancer |
| Publisher: | Wiley-Liss |
| ISSN: | 0020-7136 |
| Official Date: | 15 July 2013 |
| Dates: | Date Event 15 July 2013 Published 13 February 2013 Available 16 November 2012 Accepted 29 March 2012 Submitted |
| Volume: | 133 |
| Number: | 2 |
| Number of Pages: | 9 |
| Page Range: | pp. 446-454 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/ijc.28017 |
| Status: | Peer Reviewed |
| Publication Status: | Published |
| Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access |
| Funder: | Cancer Research UK (CRUK), National Institute for Health Research (Great Britain) (NIHR), Great Britain. Department of Health (DoH), University of Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, KWF Kankerbestrijding [Dutch Cancer Society], European Union (EU) |
| Adapted As: | |
| URI: | https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/70580/ |
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