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Spatial distribution mapping of drinking water fluoride levels in Karnataka, India : fluoride-related health effects
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Chowdhury, Chitta R., Shahnawaz, Khijmatgar, Kumari, Divya, Chowdhury, Avidyuti, Bedi, Raman, Lynch, Edward, Dr., Harding, Stewart and Grootveld, Martin (2016) Spatial distribution mapping of drinking water fluoride levels in Karnataka, India : fluoride-related health effects. Perspectives in Public Health, 136 (6). pp. 353-360. doi:10.1177/1757913915626744 ISSN 1757-9139.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757913915626744
Abstract
Objectives: (1) To estimate the concentrations of fluoride in drinking water throughout different zones and districts of the state of Karnataka. (2) To investigate the variation of fluoride concentration in drinking water from different sources, and its relationships to daily temperature and rainfall status in the regional districts. (3) To develop an updated fluoride concentration intensity map of the state of Karnataka, and to evaluate these data in the context of fluoride-related health effects such as fluorosis and their prevalence.
Materials and Methods: Aqueous standard solutions of 10, 100 and 1,000 ppm fluoride (F−) were prepared with analytical grade Na+/F− and a buffer; TISAB II was incorporated in both calibration standard and analysis solutions in order to remove the potentially interfering effects of trace metal ions. This analysis was performed using an ion-selective electrode (ISE), and mean determination readings for n = 5 samples collected at each Karnataka water source were recorded.
Results: The F− concentration in drinking water in Karnataka state was found to vary substantially, with the highest mean values recorded being in the north-eastern zone (1.61 ppm), and the lowest in the south-western one (only 0.41 ppm). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that there were very highly significant ‘between-zone’ and ‘between-districts-within-zones’ sources of variation (p < 10−5–10−9), results consistent with a substantial spatial variance of water source F− levels within this state.
Conclusions: The southern part of Karnataka has low levels of F− in its drinking water, and may require fluoridation treatment in order to mitigate for dental caries and further ailments related to fluoride deficiency. However, districts within the north-eastern region have contrastingly high levels of fluoride, an observation which has been linked to dental and skeletal fluorosis. This highlights a major requirement for interventional actions in order to ensure maintenance of the recommended range of fluoride concentrations (0.8–1.5 ppm) in Karnataka’s drinking water sources.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects: | R Medicine > RK Dentistry | ||||||
| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School | ||||||
| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Fluorides -- Physiological effect -- India, Drinking water -- India, Fluorosis -- India | ||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | Perspectives in Public Health | ||||||
| Publisher: | Sage Publications Ltd. | ||||||
| ISSN: | 1757-9139 | ||||||
| Official Date: | 3 November 2016 | ||||||
| Dates: |
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| Volume: | 136 | ||||||
| Number: | 6 | ||||||
| Page Range: | pp. 353-360 | ||||||
| DOI: | 10.1177/1757913915626744 | ||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | ||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Restricted or Subscription Access | ||||||
| Funder: | Nitte University |
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