Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., King, G., Lecavelier des Etangs, A., Wheatley, Peter J., Vidal-Madjar, A., Pepe, F. and Udry, S. (2016) No hydrogen exosphere detected around the super-Earth HD 97658 b. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 597 . A26. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629253 ISSN 0004-6361.

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Abstract

The exoplanet HD 97658 b provides a rare opportunity to probe the atmospheric composition and evolution of moderately irradiated super-Earths. It transits a bright K star at a moderate orbital distance of 0.08 au. Its low density is compatible with a massive steam envelope that could photodissociate at high altitudes and become observable as escaping neutral hydrogen. Our analysis of three transits with HST/STIS at Lyman-α reveals no such signature, suggesting that the thermosphere of HD 97658 b is not hydrodynamically expanding and is subjected to a low escape of neutral hydrogen (<108 g s-1 at 3σ). Using HST/STIS Lyman-α observations and Chandra/ACIS-S and XMM-Newton/EPIC X-ray observations at different epochs, we find that HD 97658 is in fact a weak and soft X-ray source with signs of chromospheric variability in the Lyman-α line core. We determine an average reference for the intrinsic Lyman-α line and X-EUV (XUV) spectrum of the star, and show that HD 97658 b is in mild conditions of irradiation compared to other known evaporating exoplanets with an XUV irradiation about three times lower than the evaporating warm Neptune GJ436 b. This could be the reason why the thermosphere of HD 97658 b is not expanding: the low XUV irradiation prevents an efficient photodissociation of any putative steam envelope. Alternatively, it could be linked to a low hydrogen content or inefficient conversion of the stellar energy input. The HD 97658 system provides clues for understanding the stability of low-mass planet atmospheres in terms of composition, planetary density, and irradiation. Our study of HD 97658 b can be seen as a control experiment of our methodology, confirming that it does not bias detections of atmospheric escape and underlining its strength and reliability. Our results show that stellar activity can be efficiently discriminated from absorption signatures by a transiting exospheric cloud. They also highlight the potential of observing the upper atmosphere of small transiting planets to probe their physical and chemical properties.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	Q Science > QB Astronomy Q Science > QC Physics
Divisions:	Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Science > Physics
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Astronomical photometry, Spectrophotometry
Journal or Publication Title:	Astronomy & Astrophysics
Publisher:	EDP Sciences
ISSN:	0004-6361
Official Date:	19 December 2016
Dates:	Date Event 19 December 2016 Published 2 September 2016 Accepted
Volume:	597
Article Number:	A26
DOI:	10.1051/0004-6361/201629253
Status:	Peer Reviewed
Publication Status:	Published
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
Date of first compliant deposit:	6 January 2017
Date of first compliant Open Access:	11 January 2017
Funder:	Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung [Swiss National Science Foundation] (SNSF), Centre national d'études spatiales (France) (CNES), France. Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR)
Grant number:	ANR-12-BS05-0012(ANR);

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