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The return of metabolism : biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway
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Stincone, Anna, Prigione, Alessandro, Cramer, Thorsten, Wamelink, Mirjam M C, Campbell, Kate, Cheung, Eric, Olin-Sandoval, Viridiana, Grüning, Nana-Maria, Krüger, Antje, Alam, Mohammad T., Keller, Markus A, Breitenbach, Michael, Brindle, Kevin M, Rabinowitz, Joshua D and Ralser, Markus (2015) The return of metabolism : biochemistry and physiology of the pentose phosphate pathway. Biological Reviews, 90 (3). pp. 927-63. doi:10.1111/brv.12140 ISSN 1464-7931.
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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12140
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a fundamental component of cellular metabolism. The PPP is important to maintain carbon homoeostasis, to provide precursors for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, to provide reducing molecules for anabolism, and to defeat oxidative stress. The PPP shares reactions with the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and Calvin cycle and divides into an oxidative and non-oxidative branch. The oxidative branch is highly active in most eukaryotes and converts glucose 6-phosphate into carbon dioxide, ribulose 5-phosphate and NADPH. The latter function is critical to maintain redox balance under stress situations, when cells proliferate rapidly, in ageing, and for the 'Warburg effect' of cancer cells. The non-oxidative branch instead is virtually ubiquitous, and metabolizes the glycolytic intermediates fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as well as sedoheptulose sugars, yielding ribose 5-phosphate for the synthesis of nucleic acids and sugar phosphate precursors for the synthesis of amino acids. Whereas the oxidative PPP is considered unidirectional, the non-oxidative branch can supply glycolysis with intermediates derived from ribose 5-phosphate and vice versa, depending on the biochemical demand. These functions require dynamic regulation of the PPP pathway that is achieved through hierarchical interactions between transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. Consequently, the biochemistry and regulation of this pathway, while still unresolved in many cases, are archetypal for the dynamics of the metabolic network of the cell. In this comprehensive article we review seminal work that led to the discovery and description of the pathway that date back now for 80 years, and address recent results about genetic and metabolic mechanisms that regulate its activity. These biochemical principles are discussed in the context of PPP deficiencies causing metabolic disease and the role of this pathway in biotechnology, bacterial and parasite infections, neurons, stem cell potency and cancer metabolism.
| Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||
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| Subjects: | Q Science > QH Natural history Q Science > QP Physiology |
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| Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School > Biomedical Sciences > Microbiology & Infection Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Medicine > Warwick Medical School |
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| Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Pentose phosphate pathway, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Oxidative stress, Cancer, Stem cells , Protozoan diseases | ||||||||
| Journal or Publication Title: | Biological Reviews | ||||||||
| Publisher: | Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc. | ||||||||
| ISSN: | 1464-7931 | ||||||||
| Official Date: | 1 August 2015 | ||||||||
| Dates: |
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| Volume: | 90 | ||||||||
| Number: | 3 | ||||||||
| Page Range: | pp. 927-63 | ||||||||
| DOI: | 10.1111/brv.12140 | ||||||||
| Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||
| Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||
| Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||||
| Funder: | European Commission (EC), Cancer Research UK (CRUK), European Research Council (ERC), Wellcome Trust (London, England), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Austria) (FWF), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico) [Mexican Council for Science and Technology] (CONACYT) | ||||||||
| Grant number: | Contract 512020, Grant C197/A3514 (EC), Grants 322842-METABOp53 (CRUK) (ERC), RG 093735/Z/10/Z (Wellcome Trust), Grant 260809 (ERC), PR1527/1-1 (DFG), S9302-B05, Erwin Schroedinger postdoctoral fellowship (FWF), Postdoctoral fellowship 203450 (CONACYT) |
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