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Activity-dependent release of Adenosine: a critical re-evaluation of mechanism

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Wall, M. (Mark) and Dale, Nicholas. (2008) Activity-dependent release of Adenosine: a critical re-evaluation of mechanism. Current Neuropharmacology, Vol.6 (No.4). pp. 329-337. ISSN 1570-159X

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Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015908787386087

Abstract

Adenosine is perhaps the most important and universal modulator in the brain. The current consensus is that it is primarily produced in the extracellular space from the breakdown of previously released ATP. It is also accepted that it can be released directly, as adenosine, during pathological events primarily by equilibrative transport. Nevertheless, there is a growing realization that adenosine can be rapidly released from the nervous system in a manner that is dependent upon the activity of neurons. We consider three competing classes of mechanism that could explain neuronal activity dependent adenosine release (exocytosis of ATP followed by extracellular conversion to adenosine; exocytotic release of an unspecified transmitter followed by direct non-exocytotic adenosine release from an interposed cell; and direct exocytotic release of adenosine) and outline discriminatory experimental tests to decide between them. We review several examples of activity dependent adenosine release and explore their underlying mechanisms where these are known. We discuss the limits of current experimental techniques in definitively discriminating between the competing models of release, and identify key areas where technologies need to advance to enable definitive discriminatory tests. Nevertheless, within the current limits, we conclude that there is evidence for a mechanism that strongly resembles direct exocytosis of adenosine underlying at least some examples of neuronal activity dependent adenosine release.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Subjects:	R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC0321 Neuroscience. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Q Science > QP Physiology
Divisions:	Faculty of Science > Life Sciences (2010- ) > Biological Sciences ( -2010)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH):	Adenosine, Adenosine triphosphate, Neurochemistry, Activity coefficients
Journal or Publication Title:	Current Neuropharmacology
Publisher:	Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
ISSN:	1570-159X
Date:	December 2008
Volume:	Vol.6
Number:	No.4
Page Range:	pp. 329-337
Identification Number:	10.2174/157015908787386087
Status:	Not Peer Reviewed
Access rights to Published version:	Restricted or Subscription Access
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URI:	http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/1307