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Impact of formulation and slurry properties on lithium-ion electrode manufacturing
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Reynolds, Carl D., Faraji Niri, Mona, Hidalgo, Marc, Heymer, Robert, Roman Ramirez, Luis, Alsofi, Giar, Khanom, Halima, Pye, Ben, Marco, James and Kendrick, Emma (2024) Impact of formulation and slurry properties on lithium-ion electrode manufacturing. Batteries and Supercaps, 7 (2). e202300396. doi:10.1002/batt.202300396 ISSN 2566-6223.
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.202300396
Abstract
The characteristics and performance of lithium-ion batteries typically rely on the precise combination of materials in their component electrodes. Understanding the impact of this formulation and the interdependencies between each component is critical in optimising cell performance. Such optimisation is difficult as the cost and effort for the myriad of possible combinations is too high. This problem is addressed by combining a design of experiments (DoE) and advanced statistical machine learning approach with comprehensive experimental characterisation of electrode slurries and coatings. An industry relevant graphite anode system is used, and with the aid of DoE, less than 30 experiments are defined to map impact of different weight fractions of active material (80–96 wt%), conductive additive (Carbon Black at 1–10 wt%) and a two-component binder system (Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) at 1–3 wt% and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), at 1–7 wt%). Using Explainable Machine Learning (XML) methods, correlations between the formulation, slurry weight percentage (30–50 wt% in water) and coating speed (1–15 m/min) are quantified. Slurry viscosity, while known to depend on the CMC concentration, is also heavily influenced by carbon black and SBR when at high concentration, as is common in research. Viscosity increasing components also improve adhesion, by improving dispersion and hindering binder migration. Conductivity of the coating on current collector is sensitive to the current collector-coating interface, which makes it a highly useful probe. Improvements in cell capacity are observed with higher viscosity formulations (High weight percentage, CMC content), attributed to reduction in migration and slumping of the slurry on the current collector. SBR had a negative impact at any concentration due to its insulating nature, and carbon black reduces gravimetric capacity when included at high concentrations. The insights from this study facilitate the formulation optimisation of electrodes providing improved slurry design rules for future high performance electrode manufacturing.
Item Type: | Journal Article | ||||||||
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Subjects: | T Technology > TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery T Technology > TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering |
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Divisions: | Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine > Engineering > WMG (Formerly the Warwick Manufacturing Group) | ||||||||
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): | Lithium ion batteries , Lithium ion batteries -- Design and construction, Electric batteries -- Electrodes , Slurry, Lithium ion batteries -- Materials | ||||||||
Journal or Publication Title: | Batteries and Supercaps | ||||||||
Publisher: | Wiley - V C H Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA | ||||||||
ISSN: | 2566-6223 | ||||||||
Official Date: | February 2024 | ||||||||
Dates: |
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Volume: | 7 | ||||||||
Number: | 2 | ||||||||
Article Number: | e202300396 | ||||||||
DOI: | 10.1002/batt.202300396 | ||||||||
Status: | Peer Reviewed | ||||||||
Publication Status: | Published | ||||||||
Access rights to Published version: | Open Access (Creative Commons) | ||||||||
Date of first compliant deposit: | 3 January 2024 | ||||||||
Date of first compliant Open Access: | 5 January 2024 | ||||||||
RIOXX Funder/Project Grant: |
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